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{{Prolactinoma}}
{{Prolactinoma}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Faizan}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{Anmol}}, {{Faizan}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
It has been shown that stress can significantly raise [[prolactin]] levels which should make stress a diagnostic differential though it usually is not considered such. Most [[pituitary]] tumors are sporadic--they are not genetically passed from parents to offspring.
There are no established causes of [[prolactinoma]]. Most cases of [[prolactinoma]] are sporadic. [[Prolactinoma]] may occur in approximately 30% of [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]] patients. It may also occur with [[Carney complex]] or [[McCune-Albright syndrome]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
Although research continues to unravel the mysteries of disordered cell  growth, the cause of [[pituitary]] tumors remains unknown. It has been shown that stress can significantly raise [[prolactin]] levels which should make stress a [[diagnostic]] differential though it usually is not considered such. Most pituitary  tumors are sporadic--they are not genetically passed from parents to offspring.
 
=== Other Causes ===
===Common causes===
The majority of moderately raised prolactin levels (up to 5000mIU/L) are not due to microprolactinomas but other causes. The effects of some prescription drugs are the most common, but the normal physiological causes of [[pregnancy]] & breastfeeding should not be forgotten, nor the effects of other pituitary [[tumors]]. This is discussed more under [[Hyperprolactinaemia]].
*Sporadic
Drug Side Effect - [[Clomifene]]
*[[Hereditary]] causes:
The xenoestrogenic chemical Bisphenol-A has been shown to lead to hyperprolactinaemia and growth of prolactin-producing pituitary cells.[4] The increasing and prolonged exposure of Bisphenol-A from childhood on, may contribute to the growth of a prolactinoma.
**[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]] ([[MEN 1]])
 
===Less common/rare causes===
*[[Hereditary]] causes:
**A minority of [[prolactinoma]] are associated with:<ref name="pmid16411062">{{cite journal| author=Ciccarelli A, Daly AF, Beckers A| title=The epidemiology of prolactinomas. | journal=Pituitary | year= 2005 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-6 | pmid=16411062 | doi=10.1007/s11102-005-5079-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16411062  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17613551">{{cite journal| author=Karhu A, Aaltonen LA| title=Susceptibility to pituitary neoplasia related to MEN-1, CDKN1B and AIP mutations: an update. | journal=Hum Mol Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 16 Spec No 1 | issue=  | pages= R73-9 | pmid=17613551 | doi=10.1093/hmg/ddm036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17613551  }} </ref>
**#[[Carney complex]]
**#[[McCune-Albright Syndrome]]
**#Isolated [[familial]] [[pituitary adenoma]]
**#MEN1-like syndrome
 
== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 23:49, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

There are no established causes of prolactinoma. Most cases of prolactinoma are sporadic. Prolactinoma may occur in approximately 30% of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 patients. It may also occur with Carney complex or McCune-Albright syndrome.

Causes

Common causes

Less common/rare causes

References

  1. Ciccarelli A, Daly AF, Beckers A (2005). "The epidemiology of prolactinomas". Pituitary. 8 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-005-5079-0. PMID 16411062.
  2. Karhu A, Aaltonen LA (2007). "Susceptibility to pituitary neoplasia related to MEN-1, CDKN1B and AIP mutations: an update". Hum Mol Genet. 16 Spec No 1: R73–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm036. PMID 17613551.

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