Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
'''Pappalysin-1,''' also known as '''pregnancy-associated plasma protein A,''' is a [[protein]] encoded by the PAPPA [[gene]] in humans. PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for [[Down syndrome]].<ref name="breathnach">{{cite journal |vauthors=Breathnach FM, Malone FD |title=Screening for [[aneuploidy]] in first and second trimesters: is there an optimal paradigm? |journal=Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=176–82 |year=2007 |pmid=17353686 |doi=10.1097/GCO.0b013e3280895e00}}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5069| accessdate = }}</ref>
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = 
| image_source = 
| PDB =
| Name = Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1
| HGNCid = 8602
| Symbol = PAPPA
| AltSymbols =; PAPA; ASBABP2; DIPLA1; IGFBP-4ase; PAPP-A; PAPPA1
| OMIM = 176385
| ECnumber = 3.4.24.79
| Homologene = 31097
| MGIid = 97479
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PAPPA_201981_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_PAPPA_201982_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008237 |text = metallopeptidase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005576 |text = extracellular region}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005615 |text = extracellular space}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006508 |text = proteolysis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007565 |text = female pregnancy}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030154 |text = cell differentiation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 5069
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000182752
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002572
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002581
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 117955892
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 118204420
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q13219
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 18491
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000028370
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_021362
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_067337
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 64610535
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 64843870
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q8R4K8
  }}
}}
'''Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1''', also known as '''PAPPA''', is a protein used in screening tests for [[Down syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Breathnach FM, Malone FD |title=Screening for [[aneuploidy]] in first and second trimesters: is there an optimal paradigm? |journal=Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=176-82 |year=2007 |pmid=17353686}}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5069| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
This [[gene]] encodes a secreted [[metalloproteinase]] which cleaves [[insulin-like growth factor]] binding proteins (IGFBPs). PAPPA's proteolytic function is activated upon collagen binding. It is thought to be involved in local proliferative processes such as [[wound healing]] and [[bone]] remodeling. Low [[Blood plasma|plasma]] level of this [[protein]] has been suggested as a biochemical marker for [[pregnancies]] with [[aneuploid]] [[fetus]]es (fetuses with an abnormal number of [[chromosome]]s).<ref name="entrez"/>  For example, low PAPPA may be commonly seen in [[prenatal screening]] for [[Down syndrome]].<ref name="breathnach"/>  Low levels may alternatively predict issues with the [[placenta]], resulting in adverse complications such as [[intrauterine growth restriction]], [[preeclampsia]], [[placental abruption]], [[premature birth]], or [[fetal death]].
| summary_text = This gene encodes a secreted metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). It is thought to be involved in local proliferative processes such as wound healing and bone remodeling. Low plasma level of this protein has been suggested as a biochemical marker for pregnancies with aneuploid fetuses.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5069| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
== Interactions ==
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[Major basic protein]].<ref name = pmid10913121>{{cite journal | date = October 2000 | vauthors = Overgaard MT, Haaning J, Boldt HB, Olsen IM, Laursen LS, Christiansen M, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L, Conover CA, Oxvig C | title = Expression of recombinant human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and identification of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as its physiological inhibitor | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 40 | pages = 31128–33 | pmid = 10913121 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M001384200}}</ref><ref name = pmid12421832>{{cite journal | date = January 2003 | vauthors = Overgaard MT, Sorensen ES, Stachowiak D, Boldt HB, Kristensen L, Sottrup-Jensen L, Oxvig C | title = Complex of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. Disulfide structure and carbohydrate attachment | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 4 | pages = 2106–17 | pmid = 12421832 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M208777200}}</ref><ref name = pmid7685339>{{cite journal | date = June 1993 | vauthors = Oxvig C, Sand O, Kristensen T, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L | title = Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 268 | issue = 17 | pages = 12243–6 | pmid = 7685339 | doi = }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
{{Clear}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Sinosich MJ, Zakher A |title=Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A interaction with heparin: a critical appraisal. |journal=Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. |volume=32 |issue= 2 |pages= 72–7 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1721035 |doi=10.1159/000292998 }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Bischof P, Tseng L |title=In vitro release of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) by human endometrial cells. |journal=American journal of reproductive immunology and microbiology : AJRIM |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 139–42 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2422961 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Sinosich MJ, Zakher A |title=Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A interaction with heparin: a critical appraisal. |journal=Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. |volume=32 |issue= 2 |pages= 72-7 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1721035 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Bolton AE, Pinto-Furtado LG, Andrew CE, Chapman MG |title=Measurement of the pregnancy-associated proteins, placental protein 14 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in human seminal plasma. |journal=Clinical reproduction and fertility |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 233–40 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2427179 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bischof P, Tseng L |title=In vitro release of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) by human endometrial cells. |journal=American journal of reproductive immunology and microbiology : AJRIM |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 139-42 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2422961 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Sinosich MJ, Saunders DM |title=Potential role of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in human reproduction. |journal=J. Reprod. Immunol. |volume=10 |issue= 1 |pages= 55–65 |year= 1987 |pmid= 2438405 |doi=10.1016/0165-0378(87)90050-7 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bolton AE, Pinto-Furtado LG, Andrew CE, Chapman MG |title=Measurement of the pregnancy-associated proteins, placental protein 14 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in human seminal plasma. |journal=Clinical reproduction and fertility |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 233-40 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2427179 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Tornehave D, Chemnitz J, Teisner B, etal |title=Immunohistochemical demonstration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the syncytiotrophoblast of the normal placenta at different gestational ages. |journal=Placenta |volume=5 |issue= 5 |pages= 427–31 |year= 1985 |pmid= 6084247 |doi=10.1016/S0143-4004(84)80023-5 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Sinosich MJ, Saunders DM |title=Potential role of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in human reproduction. |journal=J. Reprod. Immunol. |volume=10 |issue= 1 |pages= 55-65 |year= 1987 |pmid= 2438405 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=McIntyre JA, Hsi B, Faulk WP, etal |title=Immunological studies of the human placenta: functional and morphological analysis of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). |journal=Immunology |volume=44 |issue= 3 |pages= 577–83 |year= 1982 |pmid= 6172371 |doi= | pmc=1554973 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tornehave D, Chemnitz J, Teisner B, ''et al.'' |title=Immunohistochemical demonstration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the syncytiotrophoblast of the normal placenta at different gestational ages. |journal=Placenta |volume=5 |issue= 5 |pages= 427-31 |year= 1985 |pmid= 6084247 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Bischof P, Geinoz A, Herrmann WL, Sizonenko PC |title=Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) specifically inhibits the third component of human complement (C3). |journal=Placenta |volume=5 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–7 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6203109 |doi=10.1016/S0143-4004(84)80044-2 }}
*{{cite journal | author=McIntyre JA, Hsi B, Faulk WP, ''et al.'' |title=Immunological studies of the human placenta: functional and morphological analysis of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). |journal=Immunology |volume=44 |issue= 3 |pages= 577-83 |year= 1982 |pmid= 6172371 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Schindler AM, Bischof P |title=Histochemical localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in fetal, infant, and adult organs and comparison between antisera. |journal=Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. |volume=18 |issue= 2 |pages= 88–94 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6207082 |doi=10.1159/000299055  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bischof P, Geinoz A, Herrmann WL, Sizonenko PC |title=Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) specifically inhibits the third component of human complement (C3). |journal=Placenta |volume=5 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-7 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6203109 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Kristensen T, Oxvig C, Sand O, etal |title=Amino acid sequence of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A derived from cloned cDNA. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 6 |pages= 1592–8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7508748 |doi=10.1021/bi00172a040 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Schindler AM, Bischof P |title=Histochemical localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in fetal, infant, and adult organs and comparison between antisera. |journal=Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. |volume=18 |issue= 2 |pages= 88-94 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6207082 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Durham SK, Kiefer MC, Riggs BL, Conover CA |title=Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 by a specific insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 proteinase in normal human osteoblast-like cells: implications in bone cell physiology. |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=9 |issue= 1 |pages= 111–7 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7512304 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.5650090115 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kristensen T, Oxvig C, Sand O, ''et al.'' |title=Amino acid sequence of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A derived from cloned cDNA. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 6 |pages= 1592-8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7508748 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Bonno M, Oxvig C, Kephart GM, etal |title=Localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and colocalization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A messenger ribonucleic acid and eosinophil granule major basic protein messenger ribonucleic acid in placenta. |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=71 |issue= 4 |pages= 560–6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7526035 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Durham SK, Kiefer MC, Riggs BL, Conover CA |title=Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 by a specific insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 proteinase in normal human osteoblast-like cells: implications in bone cell physiology. |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=9 |issue= 1 |pages= 111-7 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7512304 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Oxvig C, Haaning J, Kristensen L, etal |title=Identification of angiotensinogen and complement C3dg as novel proteins binding the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in human pregnancy serum and plasma. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 23 |pages= 13645–51 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7539791 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.23.13645  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bonno M, Oxvig C, Kephart GM, ''et al.'' |title=Localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and colocalization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A messenger ribonucleic acid and eosinophil granule major basic protein messenger ribonucleic acid in placenta. |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=71 |issue= 4 |pages= 560-6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7526035 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Zorin NA, Zhabin SG, Semenkov NN |title=Interaction of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A with serine proteinases. |journal=Clin. Chim. Acta |volume=239 |issue= 1 |pages= 47–55 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7586586 |doi=10.1016/0009-8981(95)06098-X }}
*{{cite journal | author=Oxvig C, Haaning J, Kristensen L, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of angiotensinogen and complement C3dg as novel proteins binding the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in human pregnancy serum and plasma. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 23 |pages= 13645-51 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7539791 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Silahtaroglu AN, Tümer Z, Kristensen T, etal |title=Assignment of the human gene for pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) to 9q33.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization to mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=62 |issue= 4 |pages= 214–6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7679961 |doi=10.1159/000133479 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Zorin NA, Zhabin SG, Semenkov NN |title=Interaction of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A with serine proteinases. |journal=Clin. Chim. Acta |volume=239 |issue= 1 |pages= 47-55 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7586586 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Oxvig C, Sand O, Kristensen T, etal |title=Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 17 |pages= 12243–6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7685339 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Silahtaroglu AN, Tümer Z, Kristensen T, ''et al.'' |title=Assignment of the human gene for pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) to 9q33.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization to mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=62 |issue= 4 |pages= 214-6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7679961 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Haaning J, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, etal |title=Complete cDNA sequence of the preproform of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Evidence for expression in the brain and induction by cAMP. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=237 |issue= 1 |pages= 159–63 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8620868 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0159n.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Oxvig C, Sand O, Kristensen T, ''et al.'' |title=Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 17 |pages= 12243-6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7685339 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lawrence JB, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, etal |title=The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 6 |pages= 3149–53 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10077652 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.6.3149  | pmc=15910  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Haaning J, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, ''et al.'' |title=Complete cDNA sequence of the preproform of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Evidence for expression in the brain and induction by cAMP. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=237 |issue= 1 |pages= 159-63 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8620868 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Overgaard MT, Oxvig C, Christiansen M, etal |title=Messenger ribonucleic acid levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein: expression in human reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. |journal=Biol. Reprod. |volume=61 |issue= 4 |pages= 1083–9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10491647 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod61.4.1083 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lawrence JB, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, ''et al.'' |title=The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 6 |pages= 3149-53 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10077652 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Overgaard MT, Haaning J, Boldt HB, etal |title=Expression of recombinant human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and identification of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as its physiological inhibitor. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 40 |pages= 31128–33 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10913121 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M001384200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Overgaard MT, Oxvig C, Christiansen M, ''et al.'' |title=Messenger ribonucleic acid levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein: expression in human reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. |journal=Biol. Reprod. |volume=61 |issue= 4 |pages= 1083-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10491647 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hourvitz A, Widger AE, Filho FL, etal |title=Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A gene expression in human ovaries is restricted to healthy follicles and corpora lutea. |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue= 12 |pages= 4916–20 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11134163 |doi=10.1210/jc.85.12.4916 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Overgaard MT, Haaning J, Boldt HB, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of recombinant human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and identification of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as its physiological inhibitor. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 40 |pages= 31128-33 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10913121 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M001384200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hourvitz A, Widger AE, Filho FL, ''et al.'' |title=Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A gene expression in human ovaries is restricted to healthy follicles and corpora lutea. |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue= 12 |pages= 4916-20 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11134163 |doi=  }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* The [[MEROPS]] online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=M43.004 M43.004]
{{Metalloproteinases}}


{{biochemistry-stub}}
{{biochemistry-stub}}
{{Metalloproteinases}}

Latest revision as of 07:30, 10 January 2019

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
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View/Edit Human

Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome.[1][2]

Function

This gene encodes a secreted metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). PAPPA's proteolytic function is activated upon collagen binding. It is thought to be involved in local proliferative processes such as wound healing and bone remodeling. Low plasma level of this protein has been suggested as a biochemical marker for pregnancies with aneuploid fetuses (fetuses with an abnormal number of chromosomes).[2] For example, low PAPPA may be commonly seen in prenatal screening for Down syndrome.[1] Low levels may alternatively predict issues with the placenta, resulting in adverse complications such as intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, premature birth, or fetal death.

Interactions

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A has been shown to interact with Major basic protein.[3][4][5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Breathnach FM, Malone FD (2007). "Screening for aneuploidy in first and second trimesters: is there an optimal paradigm?". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 19 (2): 176–82. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3280895e00. PMID 17353686.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1".
  3. ↑ Overgaard MT, Haaning J, Boldt HB, Olsen IM, Laursen LS, Christiansen M, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L, Conover CA, Oxvig C (October 2000). "Expression of recombinant human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and identification of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as its physiological inhibitor". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (40): 31128–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001384200. PMID 10913121.
  4. ↑ Overgaard MT, Sorensen ES, Stachowiak D, Boldt HB, Kristensen L, Sottrup-Jensen L, Oxvig C (January 2003). "Complex of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. Disulfide structure and carbohydrate attachment". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (4): 2106–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208777200. PMID 12421832.
  5. ↑ Oxvig C, Sand O, Kristensen T, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L (June 1993). "Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (17): 12243–6. PMID 7685339.

Further reading

  • Sinosich MJ, Zakher A (1992). "Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A interaction with heparin: a critical appraisal". Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 32 (2): 72–7. doi:10.1159/000292998. PMID 1721035.
  • Bischof P, Tseng L (1986). "In vitro release of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) by human endometrial cells". American journal of reproductive immunology and microbiology : AJRIM. 10 (4): 139–42. PMID 2422961.
  • Bolton AE, Pinto-Furtado LG, Andrew CE, Chapman MG (1986). "Measurement of the pregnancy-associated proteins, placental protein 14 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in human seminal plasma". Clinical reproduction and fertility. 4 (3): 233–40. PMID 2427179.
  • Sinosich MJ, Saunders DM (1987). "Potential role of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in human reproduction". J. Reprod. Immunol. 10 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1016/0165-0378(87)90050-7. PMID 2438405.
  • Tornehave D, Chemnitz J, Teisner B, et al. (1985). "Immunohistochemical demonstration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the syncytiotrophoblast of the normal placenta at different gestational ages". Placenta. 5 (5): 427–31. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(84)80023-5. PMID 6084247.
  • McIntyre JA, Hsi B, Faulk WP, et al. (1982). "Immunological studies of the human placenta: functional and morphological analysis of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)". Immunology. 44 (3): 577–83. PMC 1554973. PMID 6172371.
  • Bischof P, Geinoz A, Herrmann WL, Sizonenko PC (1984). "Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) specifically inhibits the third component of human complement (C3)". Placenta. 5 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(84)80044-2. PMID 6203109.
  • Schindler AM, Bischof P (1984). "Histochemical localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in fetal, infant, and adult organs and comparison between antisera". Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 18 (2): 88–94. doi:10.1159/000299055. PMID 6207082.
  • Kristensen T, Oxvig C, Sand O, et al. (1994). "Amino acid sequence of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A derived from cloned cDNA". Biochemistry. 33 (6): 1592–8. doi:10.1021/bi00172a040. PMID 7508748.
  • Durham SK, Kiefer MC, Riggs BL, Conover CA (1994). "Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 by a specific insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 proteinase in normal human osteoblast-like cells: implications in bone cell physiology". J. Bone Miner. Res. 9 (1): 111–7. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650090115. PMID 7512304.
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External links

  • The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M43.004


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