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{{Polycythemia}} | |||
'''For patient information on Neonatal polycythemia, click [[Neonatal polycythemia (patient information)|here]]''' | '''For patient information on Neonatal polycythemia, click [[Neonatal polycythemia (patient information)|here]]''' | ||
'''For patient information on Polycythemia vera, click [[Polycythemia vera (patient information)|here]]''' | '''For patient information on Polycythemia vera, click [[Polycythemia vera (patient information)|here]]''' | ||
{{ | {{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{Debduti}} ; {{ZO}} ; {{TAM}} | ||
{{SK}} Polycythaemia, erythrocythemia, erythrocytosis, packed cell volume increased, PCV increased, primary familial and congenital polycythemia, PFCP, familial erythrocytosis, hereditary erythrocytosis, congenital erythrocytosis, inherited erythrocytosis | |||
==[[Polycythemia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia classification|Classification]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia causes|Causes]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Polycythemia from other Diseases]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia screening|Screening]]== | |||
==[[Polycythemia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== | |||
==Treatment== | |||
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red blood cell mass leading to hyperviscosity of the blood which increases the risk of thrombosis. | |||
Thrombosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, the main goal of treatment is to prevent thrombotic events include arterial and venous thrombosis, cerebrovascular accident, deep venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial occlusion, and pulmonary infarct. In addition to symptomatic treatment of pruritus and distal extremity erythromelalgia. | |||
*'''Phlebotomy''': the backbone of therapy, treatment with phlebotomy alone associated with a longer median survival compared to the use of chlorambucil or radioactive phosphorous based on a trial conducted by PV study group. Repeated phlebotomies help in cytoreduction and reduce hyper-viscosity in addition to induce a state of iron-deficiency which can help retard red-cell proliferation. Weekly sessions are conducted, by remove 500ml of blood until a target hematocrit of under 45% is obtained. This can lower rates of cardiovascular deaths and major thrombotic episodes in patients kept under this threshold based on a trial conducted in Italy. For secondary polycythemias, phlebotomy is usually reserved for the following conditions: | |||
**Chronic lung diseases | |||
'' | **Cyanotic heart diseases | ||
**Post-renal transplant patients with hypertension and erythrocytosis, not responding to optimal doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) <ref name="pmid24120605">{{cite journal| author=Assi TB, Baz E| title=Current applications of therapeutic phlebotomy. | journal=Blood Transfus | year= 2014 | volume= 12 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= s75-83 | pmid=24120605 | doi=10.2450/2013.0299-12 | pmc=3934278 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24120605 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid30252337">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30252337 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | |||
== | Medicines that may be used include:<ref name="pmid31151982">{{cite journal| author=Spivak JL| title=How I treat polycythemia vera. | journal=Blood | year= 2019 | volume= 134 | issue= 4 | pages= 341-352 | pmid=31151982 | doi=10.1182/blood.2018834044 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31151982 }} </ref> | ||
* | *'''Hydroxyurea''': it considered as a second-line therapy, it showed lower rates of thrombosis compared to phlebotomy alone based on a study by the PVSG. | ||
Indications for use include poor venous access, high phlebotomy requirement, when phlebotomy is contraindicated or not possible, severe thrombocytosis, and unmanageable pruritus. | |||
*'''Interferon''': reduce blood cell counts. Peg interferon can be used to reduce established splenomegaly but not to normal size. | |||
*'''Anagrelide''': used to treat thrombocytosis. | |||
*'''Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor)''': it used when patients are intolerant or unresponsive to hydroxyurea, proved to be effective in PPMF and chronic-phase PV; provided a durable relief in symptoms, blood count control, significant reduction in splenomegaly, and better survival based on COMFORT trials.<ref name="pmid22375970">{{cite journal| author=Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, Al-Ali HK, Gisslinger H, Waltzman R, Stalbovskaya V | display-authors=etal| title=JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 366 | issue= 9 | pages= 787-98 | pmid=22375970 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1110556 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22375970 }} </ref> | |||
*'''Aspirin''': indicated at low dose to prevent thrombosis, when there is insufficient control of microvascular symptoms or other cardiovascular risk factors exist. | |||
*'''Hypouricemic Agents (Allopurinol and febuxostat)''': required if there is significant hyperuricemia. | |||
*Management of pruritus: '''antihistamines''' and '''selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)''' are usually used to relief the symptoms, '''narrow band ultraviolet-B phototherapy''' can also be used to treat pruritus.<ref name="pmid15897170">{{cite journal| author=Madkan VK, Bandow GD, Koo JY| title=Resolution of pruritus secondary to polycythemia vera in a patient treated with narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy. | journal=J Dermatolog Treat | year= 2005 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-7 | pmid=15897170 | doi=10.1080/09546630410024529 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15897170 }} </ref> | |||
==Case Studies== | |||
[[Polycythemia case study one|Case #1]] | |||
{{SIB}} | {{SIB}} | ||
[[Category:Hematology | [[Category:Hematology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Blood disorders]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[de:Polycythaemia vera]] | [[de:Polycythaemia vera]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:19, 9 March 2021
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Polycythemia Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Polycythemia On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Polycythemia |
For patient information on Neonatal polycythemia, click here
For patient information on Polycythemia vera, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Debduti Mukhopadhyay, M.B.B.S[2] ; Zaida Obeidat, M.D. ; Tayyaba Ali, M.D.[3]
Synonyms and keywords: Polycythaemia, erythrocythemia, erythrocytosis, packed cell volume increased, PCV increased, primary familial and congenital polycythemia, PFCP, familial erythrocytosis, hereditary erythrocytosis, congenital erythrocytosis, inherited erythrocytosis
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Polycythemia from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Treatment
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red blood cell mass leading to hyperviscosity of the blood which increases the risk of thrombosis. Thrombosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, the main goal of treatment is to prevent thrombotic events include arterial and venous thrombosis, cerebrovascular accident, deep venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial occlusion, and pulmonary infarct. In addition to symptomatic treatment of pruritus and distal extremity erythromelalgia.
- Phlebotomy: the backbone of therapy, treatment with phlebotomy alone associated with a longer median survival compared to the use of chlorambucil or radioactive phosphorous based on a trial conducted by PV study group. Repeated phlebotomies help in cytoreduction and reduce hyper-viscosity in addition to induce a state of iron-deficiency which can help retard red-cell proliferation. Weekly sessions are conducted, by remove 500ml of blood until a target hematocrit of under 45% is obtained. This can lower rates of cardiovascular deaths and major thrombotic episodes in patients kept under this threshold based on a trial conducted in Italy. For secondary polycythemias, phlebotomy is usually reserved for the following conditions:
Medicines that may be used include:[3]
- Hydroxyurea: it considered as a second-line therapy, it showed lower rates of thrombosis compared to phlebotomy alone based on a study by the PVSG.
Indications for use include poor venous access, high phlebotomy requirement, when phlebotomy is contraindicated or not possible, severe thrombocytosis, and unmanageable pruritus.
- Interferon: reduce blood cell counts. Peg interferon can be used to reduce established splenomegaly but not to normal size.
- Anagrelide: used to treat thrombocytosis.
- Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor): it used when patients are intolerant or unresponsive to hydroxyurea, proved to be effective in PPMF and chronic-phase PV; provided a durable relief in symptoms, blood count control, significant reduction in splenomegaly, and better survival based on COMFORT trials.[4]
- Aspirin: indicated at low dose to prevent thrombosis, when there is insufficient control of microvascular symptoms or other cardiovascular risk factors exist.
- Hypouricemic Agents (Allopurinol and febuxostat): required if there is significant hyperuricemia.
- Management of pruritus: antihistamines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are usually used to relief the symptoms, narrow band ultraviolet-B phototherapy can also be used to treat pruritus.[5]
Case Studies
de:Polycythaemia vera eu:Eritrozitosi it:Policitemia he:פוליציטמיה lt:Eritrocitozė
- ↑ Assi TB, Baz E (2014). "Current applications of therapeutic phlebotomy". Blood Transfus. 12 Suppl 1: s75–83. doi:10.2450/2013.0299-12. PMC 3934278. PMID 24120605.
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 30252337.
- ↑ Spivak JL (2019). "How I treat polycythemia vera". Blood. 134 (4): 341–352. doi:10.1182/blood.2018834044. PMID 31151982.
- ↑ Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, Al-Ali HK, Gisslinger H, Waltzman R, Stalbovskaya V; et al. (2012). "JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis". N Engl J Med. 366 (9): 787–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110556. PMID 22375970.
- ↑ Madkan VK, Bandow GD, Koo JY (2005). "Resolution of pruritus secondary to polycythemia vera in a patient treated with narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy". J Dermatolog Treat. 16 (1): 56–7. doi:10.1080/09546630410024529. PMID 15897170.