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{{Parotitis}} | {{Parotitis}} | ||
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==Overview== | |||
Parotitis is most commonly caused by [[viral]] or [[bacterial]] infections, but can also result from autoimmune syndromes, [[parotid gland]] blockages, and from diseases with uncertain etiologies. | |||
==Causes== | |||
===Infection=== | |||
*'''Acute viral parotitis''' | |||
**[[Mumps]] [[virus]] is the most common cause of [[viral]] parotitis.<ref name="urlSalivary gland infections: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001041.htm |title=Salivary gland infections: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**Other [[viruses]] that can cause parotitis are below:<ref name="pmid1571113">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brook I |title=Diagnosis and management of parotitis |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=118 |issue=5 |pages=469–71 |year=1992 |pmid=1571113 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
***[[Epstein-Barr]] | |||
***[[coxsackievirus]] | |||
***[[Influenza]] | |||
***[[Human parainfluenza virus]] | |||
*'''Acute bacterial parotitis:''' | |||
**The most common cause of [[bacterial]] parotitis is ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<ref name="urlSalivary gland infections: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001041.htm |title=Salivary gland infections: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**Other [[bacterial]] causes of parotitis include the following: | |||
***''[[streptococcus]]'' | |||
***[[Gram-negative]] [[bacteria]] | |||
***''[[Peptostreptococcus]]'' | |||
***''[[Bacteroides]]'' | |||
***[[Porphyromonas]] | |||
***''[[Prevotella]]'' | |||
*'''[[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis]] | |||
**Parotitis can result as a symptom of acute [[tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid7661432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henderson SO, Mallon WK |title=Tuberculosis as the cause of diffuse parotitis |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=376–9 |year=1995 |pmid=7661432 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Autoimmune Causes=== | |||
*'''[[Sjögren's Syndrome]]''' | |||
**Parotitis can result from [[Sjögren's syndrome]] due to chronic [[inflammation]] of the [[parotid gland]].<ref name="urlFast Facts About Sjogrens Syndrome">{{cite web |url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Sjogrens_Syndrome/sjogrens_syndrome_ff.asp |title=Fast Facts About Sjogren's Syndrome |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
===Blockage=== | |||
*Parotitis can result from the following forms of blockages: | |||
**'''[[Sialolithiasis]]''': [[salivary gland]] calcified stones, causing [[parotid gland]] [[inflammation]].<ref name="pmid26912292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hernandez S, Busso C, Walvekar RR |title=Parotitis and Sialendoscopy of the Parotid Gland |journal=Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=26912292 |doi=10.1016/j.otc.2015.12.003 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Mucous]] plugs<ref name="pmid17957846">{{cite journal |vauthors=Capaccio P, Torretta S, Ottavian F, Sambataro G, Pignataro L |title=Modern management of obstructive salivary diseases |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=161–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17957846 |pmc=2640028 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Benign or malignant [[neoplasia]].<ref name="pmid22058591">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bussu F, Parrilla C, Rizzo D, Almadori G, Paludetti G, Galli J |title=Clinical approach and treatment of benign and malignant parotid masses, personal experience |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=135–43 |year=2011 |pmid=22058591 |pmc=3185824 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Diseases of Uncertain Etiology=== | |||
*The following diseases are of uncertain etiology that can cause parotitis: | |||
**Chronic nonspecific parotitis | |||
**Recurrent childhood parotitis | |||
**[[Sialadenosis]] | |||
**[[Sarcoidosis]] | |||
**Pneumoparotitis | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Glands]] | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Inflammations]] | ||
[[Category: | |||
Latest revision as of 18:38, 18 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Parotitis is most commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, but can also result from autoimmune syndromes, parotid gland blockages, and from diseases with uncertain etiologies.
Causes
Infection
- Acute viral parotitis
- Acute bacterial parotitis:
- The most common cause of bacterial parotitis is Staphylococcus aureus[1]
- Other bacterial causes of parotitis include the following:
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- Parotitis can result as a symptom of acute tuberculosis[3]
Autoimmune Causes
- Sjögren's Syndrome
- Parotitis can result from Sjögren's syndrome due to chronic inflammation of the parotid gland.[4]
Blockage
- Parotitis can result from the following forms of blockages:
- Sialolithiasis: salivary gland calcified stones, causing parotid gland inflammation.[5]
- Mucous plugs[6]
- Benign or malignant neoplasia.[7]
Diseases of Uncertain Etiology
- The following diseases are of uncertain etiology that can cause parotitis:
- Chronic nonspecific parotitis
- Recurrent childhood parotitis
- Sialadenosis
- Sarcoidosis
- Pneumoparotitis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Salivary gland infections: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
- ↑ Brook I (1992). "Diagnosis and management of parotitis". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 118 (5): 469–71. PMID 1571113.
- ↑ Henderson SO, Mallon WK (1995). "Tuberculosis as the cause of diffuse parotitis". Ann Emerg Med. 26 (3): 376–9. PMID 7661432.
- ↑ "Fast Facts About Sjogren's Syndrome".
- ↑ Hernandez S, Busso C, Walvekar RR (2016). "Parotitis and Sialendoscopy of the Parotid Gland". Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2015.12.003. PMID 26912292.
- ↑ Capaccio P, Torretta S, Ottavian F, Sambataro G, Pignataro L (2007). "Modern management of obstructive salivary diseases". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 27 (4): 161–72. PMC 2640028. PMID 17957846.
- ↑ Bussu F, Parrilla C, Rizzo D, Almadori G, Paludetti G, Galli J (2011). "Clinical approach and treatment of benign and malignant parotid masses, personal experience". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 31 (3): 135–43. PMC 3185824. PMID 22058591.