PDK4

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4
Identifiers
Symbols	PDK4 ; FLJ40832
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 38109
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
File:PBB GE PDK4 205960 at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4, also known as PDK4, is a human gene. It codes for an isozyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

This gene is a member of the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family and encodes a mitochondrial protein with a histidine kinase domain. This protein is located in the matrix of the mitrochondria and inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylating one of its subunits, thereby contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Expression of this gene is regulated by glucocorticoids, retinoic acid and insulin.

Further reading

• Sugden MC, Holness MJ (2003). "Recent advances in mechanisms regulating glucose oxidation at the level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by PDKs". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284 (5): E855–62. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00526.2002. PMID 12676647.
• Kwon HS, Harris RA (2005). "Mechanisms responsible for regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 gene expression". Adv. Enzyme Regul. 44: 109–21. doi:10.1016/j.advenzreg.2003.11.020. PMID 15581486.
• Gudi R, Bowker-Kinley MM, Kedishvili NY; et al. (1996). "Diversity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase gene family in humans". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (48): 28989–94. PMID 7499431.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. PMID 8125298.
• Rowles J, Scherer SW, Xi T; et al. (1996). "Cloning and characterization of PDK4 on 7q21.3 encoding a fourth pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme in human". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (37): 22376–82. PMID 8798399.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K; et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. PMID 9373149.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Majer M, Popov KM, Harris RA; et al. (1998). "Insulin downregulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) mRNA: potential mechanism contributing to increased lipid oxidation in insulin-resistant subjects". Mol. Genet. Metab. 65 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1006/mgme.1998.2748. PMID 9787110.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Pilegaard H, Ordway GA, Saltin B, Neufer PD (2000). "Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 279 (4): E806–14. PMID 11001762.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kolobova E, Tuganova A, Boulatnikov I, Popov KM (2001). "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation at multiple sites". Biochem. J. 358 (Pt 1): 69–77. PMID 11485553.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Korotchkina LG, Patel MS (2001). "Site specificity of four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzymes toward the three phosphorylation sites of human pyruvate dehydrogenase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (40): 37223–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103069200. PMID 11486000.
• Peters SJ, Harris RA, Wu P; et al. (2002). "Human skeletal muscle PDH kinase activity and isoform expression during a 3-day high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281 (6): E1151–8. PMID 11701428.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Tuganova A, Boulatnikov I, Popov KM (2002). "Interaction between the individual isoenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and the inner lipoyl-bearing domain of transacetylase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex". Biochem. J. 366 (Pt 1): 129–36. doi:10.1042/BJ20020301. PMID 11978179.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Razeghi P, Young ME, Ying J; et al. (2002). "Downregulation of metabolic gene expression in failing human heart before and after mechanical unloading". Cardiology. 97 (4): 203–9. PMID 12145475.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Boulatnikov I, Popov KM (2003). "Formation of functional heterodimers by isozymes 1 and 2 of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1645 (2): 183–92. PMID 12573248.
• Rosa G, Di Rocco P, Manco M; et al. (2003). "Reduced PDK4 expression associates with increased insulin sensitivity in postobese patients". Obes. Res. 11 (2): 176–82. PMID 12582211.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Neufer PD (2003). "Effect of short-term fasting and refeeding on transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 52 (3): 657–62. PMID 12606505.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR; et al. (2003). "Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767–72. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. PMID 12690205.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA; et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7". Nature. 424 (6945): 157–64. doi:10.1038/nature01782. PMID 12853948.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)