Osteoporosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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* [[Alcohol]] | * [[Alcohol]] | ||
* [[Smoking]] - inhibits the activity of osteoblasts<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD |title=The effects of smoking on bone health |journal=Clin. Sci. |volume=113 |issue=5|pages=233–41 |year=2007 |pmid=17663660 |doi=10.1042/CS20060173}}</ref> | * [[Smoking]] - inhibits the activity of osteoblasts<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD |title=The effects of smoking on bone health |journal=Clin. Sci. |volume=113 |issue=5|pages=233–41 |year=2007 |pmid=17663660 |doi=10.1042/CS20060173}}</ref> | ||
*Insufficient physical activity - lack of bone remodelling | * Insufficient physical activity - lack of bone remodelling | ||
* [[Glucocorticoids]] - cause steroid induced osteoporosis | |||
* [[Proton pump inhibitors]] | |||
==Less common risk factors== | ==Less common risk factors== | ||
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* Soft drinks - [[Phosphoric acid]] may increase for Osteoporosis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP |title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=936–42|year=2006 |pmid=17023723 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Soft drinks in schools |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=152–4|year=2004 |pmid=14702469 |doi=}}</ref> | * Soft drinks - [[Phosphoric acid]] may increase for Osteoporosis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP |title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=936–42|year=2006 |pmid=17023723 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Soft drinks in schools |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=152–4|year=2004 |pmid=14702469 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Female athlete triad]] syndrome | * [[Female athlete triad]] syndrome | ||
* [[Barbiturates]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Risk factors for Osteoporosis include both non-modifiable (e.g age, female sex etc.,) and (potentially) modifiable (smoking, alcohol etc.,).
Common risk factors
- Age - common after 50 years age
- Menopause - estrogen deficiency
- Family history of fracture or osteoporosis
- History of fractures at least twice [1]
- Alcohol
- Smoking - inhibits the activity of osteoblasts[2]
- Insufficient physical activity - lack of bone remodelling
- Glucocorticoids - cause steroid induced osteoporosis
Less common risk factors
- Low body mass index - being overweight protects against osteoporosis, either by increasing load or through the hormoneleptin.[3]
- Low calcium and vitamin D intake - calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency from malnutrition
- Excess physical activity - constant damage to bone and amenorrhoea in females
- Heavy metals - Higher cadmium exposure results in osteomalacia (softening of the bone).[4]. Lead exposure also causes Osteoporosis
- Soft drinks - Phosphoric acid may increase for Osteoporosis[5][6]
- Female athlete triad syndrome
References
- ↑ Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS (2007). "History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans". Journal of the National Medical Association. 99 (4): 412–8. PMID 17444431.
- ↑ Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD (2007). "The effects of smoking on bone health". Clin. Sci. 113 (5): 233–41. doi:10.1042/CS20060173. PMID 17663660.
- ↑ Shapses SA, Riedt CS (2006). "Bone, body weight, and weight reduction: what are the concerns?". J. Nutr. 136 (6): 1453–6. PMID 16702302.
- ↑ Staessen J, Roels H, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R (1999). "Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group". Lancet. 353 (9159): 1140–4. PMID 10209978. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2006). "Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 (4): 936–42. PMID 17023723.
- ↑ "Soft drinks in schools". Pediatrics. 113 (1 Pt 1): 152–4. 2004. PMID 14702469.