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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of mesothelioma include [[asbestos|asbestos-fibre exposure]], erionite-fibre exposure, [[SV40|Simian virus 40]], [[radiation|radiation exposure]] and genetic predesposition<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid21874000" />
==Causes==
Mesothelioma is caused by:<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid21874000">{{cite journal| author=Testa JR, Cheung M, Pei J, Below JE, Tan Y, Sementino E et al.| title=Germline BAP1 mutations predispose to malignant mesothelioma. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2011 | volume= 43 | issue= 10 | pages= 1022-5 | pmid=21874000 | doi=10.1038/ng.912 | pmc=3184199 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21874000  }}</ref>
*[[asbestos|Asbestos-fibre exposure]]: causes majority of cases
*Erionite-[[Fiber|fibre]] [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]]
*[[SV40|Simian virus 40 (SV40)]]
*[[radiation|Radiation exposure]]
*[[Genetics|Genetic]] predisposition
===Asbestos===
* The strongest and most common cause for mesothelioma is occupational exposure to [[asbestos]], which has been widely used in building materials and many industries.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
* Asbestos is naturally occurring group of mineral consisting of very fine,long and thin fibers.
* Being so fine, they can be inhaled easily and may be lodged in the smallest airways of the lung and the [[mesothelium]], eventually leading to pleural mesothelioma.
* Sometimes, instead of inhalation, the fibers are coughed up and swallowed. This way they can settle in the peritoneum to cause peritoneal mesothelioma.
* According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Toxicology Program, all forms of asbestos are known to cause cancer. Most people with mesothelioma have a history of asbestos exposure.
* Mesothelioma has a long latency period, which means it usually doesn’t develop for 15–40, or more, years after exposure to asbestos.
* There are 2 types of '''exposure''' to asbestos:
** '''''Direct exposure''''' affects people who come into contact with asbestos directly. This may include:<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> <ref name="pmid10642417">{{cite journal| author=Gennaro V, Finkelstein MM, Ceppi M, Fontana V, Montanaro F, Perrotta A et al.| title=Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. | journal=Am J Ind Med | year= 2000 | volume= 37 | issue= 3 | pages= 275-82 | pmid=10642417 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10642417  }}</ref>
*** Asbestos mines/mills workers
*** Asbestos products/asbestos-based products producers
*** Construction workers, carpenters and painters
*** Shipyard workers
*** Cement manufacturers
*** Insulation workers
*** Electricians and heating tradespeople
*** Plumbers
*** Demolition workers
*** Automotive industry workers, including brake and clutch repair workers         
** '''''Indirect exposure''''' affects people who come in contact with asbestos in other ways. This may include:<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
*** Family members who are exposed to asbestos from fibres brought home on a worker’s clothing
*** People who live in or near an asbestos factory or mine
* The risk of developing mesothelioma is related to how much asbestos a person was exposed to and how long the exposure lasted.
* People exposed at an early age, for a long period of time and to greater amounts of asbestos are more likely to develop mesothelioma.
* Occasionally, mesothelioma develops in people who have never been exposed to asbestos.<ref name="pmid15841689">{{cite journal| author=Henderson DW, Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ, Leigh J| title=After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997-2004. | journal=Pathology | year= 2004 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 517-50 | pmid=15841689 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15841689  }}</ref>
===Erionite===
* Erionite is another naturally occurring mineral, happens to be a known human carcinogen associated with development of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma.
* The group of minerals, erionite belongs to is called zeolites.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
* Zeolites are chemically related to asbestos and erionite has asbestos-like fibres.
* Erionite is common in the soil in parts of Turkey and materials made with erionite are used in construction in these regions.
* High rates of mesothelioma in these areas are due to exposure to this mineral.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
===Ionizing Radiation===
* People who have been treated with radiation therapy to the chest or abdomen for lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, or other cancers can cause mesothelioma.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
* Although the risk of mesothelioma is higher in people who have been treated with radiation therapy, mesothelioma is likely to occur in only a very small number of these people.
* There have been reports linking mesothelioma to Thorotrast (thorium dioxide). [[Thorotrast]] is a contrast medium once used for imaging tests, but it is no longer used.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
===Simian virus 40===
* Infection with [[SV40]] may cause mesothelioma.
* Evidence suggested the contamination of polio vaccines with SV40 from 1955 to 1963, which may have contributed to some cases of mesothelioma.
* It is thought that SV40 may act as a co-factor with asbestos in causing mesothelioma.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref>
=== Genetic predesposition ===
* Based on the fact that malignant mesothelioma clustering was observed in few families, a study was conducted in 2012 on caucasian american population to determine the genetic association.
* It was found that people with a somatic germline mutation in their BAP1 gene is associated with higher risk of developing mesothelioma and uveal melanoma.<ref name="pmid21874000" />


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:52, 14 March 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatima Shaukat, MD [2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of mesothelioma include asbestos-fibre exposure, erionite-fibre exposure, Simian virus 40, radiation exposure and genetic predesposition[1][2]

Causes

Mesothelioma is caused by:[1][2]

Asbestos

  • The strongest and most common cause for mesothelioma is occupational exposure to asbestos, which has been widely used in building materials and many industries.[1]
  • Asbestos is naturally occurring group of mineral consisting of very fine,long and thin fibers.
  • Being so fine, they can be inhaled easily and may be lodged in the smallest airways of the lung and the mesothelium, eventually leading to pleural mesothelioma.
  • Sometimes, instead of inhalation, the fibers are coughed up and swallowed. This way they can settle in the peritoneum to cause peritoneal mesothelioma.
  • According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Toxicology Program, all forms of asbestos are known to cause cancer. Most people with mesothelioma have a history of asbestos exposure.
  • Mesothelioma has a long latency period, which means it usually doesn’t develop for 15–40, or more, years after exposure to asbestos.
  • There are 2 types of exposure to asbestos:
    • Direct exposure affects people who come into contact with asbestos directly. This may include:[1] [3]
      • Asbestos mines/mills workers
      • Asbestos products/asbestos-based products producers
      • Construction workers, carpenters and painters
      • Shipyard workers
      • Cement manufacturers
      • Insulation workers
      • Electricians and heating tradespeople
      • Plumbers
      • Demolition workers
      • Automotive industry workers, including brake and clutch repair workers
    • Indirect exposure affects people who come in contact with asbestos in other ways. This may include:[1]
      • Family members who are exposed to asbestos from fibres brought home on a worker’s clothing
      • People who live in or near an asbestos factory or mine
  • The risk of developing mesothelioma is related to how much asbestos a person was exposed to and how long the exposure lasted.
  • People exposed at an early age, for a long period of time and to greater amounts of asbestos are more likely to develop mesothelioma.
  • Occasionally, mesothelioma develops in people who have never been exposed to asbestos.[4]

Erionite

  • Erionite is another naturally occurring mineral, happens to be a known human carcinogen associated with development of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma.
  • The group of minerals, erionite belongs to is called zeolites.[1]
  • Zeolites are chemically related to asbestos and erionite has asbestos-like fibres.
  • Erionite is common in the soil in parts of Turkey and materials made with erionite are used in construction in these regions.
  • High rates of mesothelioma in these areas are due to exposure to this mineral.[1]

Ionizing Radiation

  • People who have been treated with radiation therapy to the chest or abdomen for lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, or other cancers can cause mesothelioma.[1]
  • Although the risk of mesothelioma is higher in people who have been treated with radiation therapy, mesothelioma is likely to occur in only a very small number of these people.
  • There have been reports linking mesothelioma to Thorotrast (thorium dioxide). Thorotrast is a contrast medium once used for imaging tests, but it is no longer used.[1]

Simian virus 40

  • Infection with SV40 may cause mesothelioma.
  • Evidence suggested the contamination of polio vaccines with SV40 from 1955 to 1963, which may have contributed to some cases of mesothelioma.
  • It is thought that SV40 may act as a co-factor with asbestos in causing mesothelioma.[1]

Genetic predesposition

  • Based on the fact that malignant mesothelioma clustering was observed in few families, a study was conducted in 2012 on caucasian american population to determine the genetic association.
  • It was found that people with a somatic germline mutation in their BAP1 gene is associated with higher risk of developing mesothelioma and uveal melanoma.[2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Testa JR, Cheung M, Pei J, Below JE, Tan Y, Sementino E; et al. (2011). "Germline BAP1 mutations predispose to malignant mesothelioma". Nat Genet. 43 (10): 1022–5. doi:10.1038/ng.912. PMC 3184199. PMID 21874000.
  3. Gennaro V, Finkelstein MM, Ceppi M, Fontana V, Montanaro F, Perrotta A; et al. (2000). "Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers". Am J Ind Med. 37 (3): 275–82. PMID 10642417.
  4. Henderson DW, Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ, Leigh J (2004). "After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997-2004". Pathology. 36 (6): 517–50. PMID 15841689.


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