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{{Mesothelioma}} | {{Mesothelioma}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common causes of mesothelioma include [[asbestos|asbestos-fibre exposure]], erionite-fibre exposure, [[SV40|Simian virus 40]], [[radiation|radiation exposure]] and genetic predesposition<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid21874000" /> | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Mesothelioma is caused by: | Mesothelioma is caused by:<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid21874000">{{cite journal| author=Testa JR, Cheung M, Pei J, Below JE, Tan Y, Sementino E et al.| title=Germline BAP1 mutations predispose to malignant mesothelioma. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2011 | volume= 43 | issue= 10 | pages= 1022-5 | pmid=21874000 | doi=10.1038/ng.912 | pmc=3184199 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21874000 }}</ref> | ||
*Asbestos-fibre exposure: causes majority of cases | *[[asbestos|Asbestos-fibre exposure]]: causes majority of cases | ||
*Erionite-fibre exposure | *Erionite-[[Fiber|fibre]] [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]] | ||
*Simian virus 40 (SV40) | *[[SV40|Simian virus 40 (SV40)]] | ||
*Radiation exposure | *[[radiation|Radiation exposure]] | ||
*[[Genetics|Genetic]] predisposition | |||
==== | ===Asbestos=== | ||
* The strongest and most common cause for mesothelioma is occupational exposure to [[asbestos]], which has been widely used in building materials and many industries.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
* Asbestos is naturally occurring group of mineral consisting of very fine,long and thin fibers. | |||
* Being so fine, they can be inhaled easily and may be lodged in the smallest airways of the lung and the [[mesothelium]], eventually leading to pleural mesothelioma. | |||
* Sometimes, instead of inhalation, the fibers are coughed up and swallowed. This way they can settle in the peritoneum to cause peritoneal mesothelioma. | |||
* According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Toxicology Program, all forms of asbestos are known to cause cancer. Most people with mesothelioma have a history of asbestos exposure. | |||
* Mesothelioma has a long latency period, which means it usually doesn’t develop for 15–40, or more, years after exposure to asbestos. | |||
* There are 2 types of '''exposure''' to asbestos: | |||
** '''''Direct exposure''''' affects people who come into contact with asbestos directly. This may include:<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> <ref name="pmid10642417">{{cite journal| author=Gennaro V, Finkelstein MM, Ceppi M, Fontana V, Montanaro F, Perrotta A et al.| title=Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. | journal=Am J Ind Med | year= 2000 | volume= 37 | issue= 3 | pages= 275-82 | pmid=10642417 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10642417 }}</ref> | |||
*** Asbestos mines/mills workers | |||
*** Asbestos products/asbestos-based products producers | |||
*** Construction workers, carpenters and painters | |||
*** Shipyard workers | |||
*** Cement manufacturers | |||
*** Insulation workers | |||
*** Electricians and heating tradespeople | |||
*** Plumbers | |||
*** Demolition workers | |||
*** Automotive industry workers, including brake and clutch repair workers | |||
** '''''Indirect exposure''''' affects people who come in contact with asbestos in other ways. This may include:<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
*** Family members who are exposed to asbestos from fibres brought home on a worker’s clothing | |||
*** People who live in or near an asbestos factory or mine | |||
* The risk of developing mesothelioma is related to how much asbestos a person was exposed to and how long the exposure lasted. | |||
* People exposed at an early age, for a long period of time and to greater amounts of asbestos are more likely to develop mesothelioma. | |||
* Occasionally, mesothelioma develops in people who have never been exposed to asbestos.<ref name="pmid15841689">{{cite journal| author=Henderson DW, Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ, Leigh J| title=After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997-2004. | journal=Pathology | year= 2004 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 517-50 | pmid=15841689 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15841689 }}</ref> | |||
===Erionite=== | |||
* Erionite is another naturally occurring mineral, happens to be a known human carcinogen associated with development of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. | |||
* The group of minerals, erionite belongs to is called zeolites.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
* Zeolites are chemically related to asbestos and erionite has asbestos-like fibres. | |||
* Erionite is common in the soil in parts of Turkey and materials made with erionite are used in construction in these regions. | |||
* High rates of mesothelioma in these areas are due to exposure to this mineral.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
===Ionizing Radiation=== | |||
* People who have been treated with radiation therapy to the chest or abdomen for lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, or other cancers can cause mesothelioma.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
* Although the risk of mesothelioma is higher in people who have been treated with radiation therapy, mesothelioma is likely to occur in only a very small number of these people. | |||
* There have been reports linking mesothelioma to Thorotrast (thorium dioxide). [[Thorotrast]] is a contrast medium once used for imaging tests, but it is no longer used.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
==== | ===Simian virus 40=== | ||
* Infection with [[SV40]] may cause mesothelioma. | |||
* Evidence suggested the contamination of polio vaccines with SV40 from 1955 to 1963, which may have contributed to some cases of mesothelioma. | |||
* It is thought that SV40 may act as a co-factor with asbestos in causing mesothelioma.<ref name="Riskfactorsformesothelioma1">Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | |||
=== Genetic predesposition === | |||
* Based on the fact that malignant mesothelioma clustering was observed in few families, a study was conducted in 2012 on caucasian american population to determine the genetic association. | |||
* It was found that people with a somatic germline mutation in their BAP1 gene is associated with higher risk of developing mesothelioma and uveal melanoma.<ref name="pmid21874000" /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatima Shaukat, MD [2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]
Overview
Common causes of mesothelioma include asbestos-fibre exposure, erionite-fibre exposure, Simian virus 40, radiation exposure and genetic predesposition[1][2]
Causes
Mesothelioma is caused by:[1][2]
- Asbestos-fibre exposure: causes majority of cases
- Erionite-fibre exposure
- Simian virus 40 (SV40)
- Radiation exposure
- Genetic predisposition
Asbestos
- The strongest and most common cause for mesothelioma is occupational exposure to asbestos, which has been widely used in building materials and many industries.[1]
- Asbestos is naturally occurring group of mineral consisting of very fine,long and thin fibers.
- Being so fine, they can be inhaled easily and may be lodged in the smallest airways of the lung and the mesothelium, eventually leading to pleural mesothelioma.
- Sometimes, instead of inhalation, the fibers are coughed up and swallowed. This way they can settle in the peritoneum to cause peritoneal mesothelioma.
- According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Toxicology Program, all forms of asbestos are known to cause cancer. Most people with mesothelioma have a history of asbestos exposure.
- Mesothelioma has a long latency period, which means it usually doesn’t develop for 15–40, or more, years after exposure to asbestos.
- There are 2 types of exposure to asbestos:
- Direct exposure affects people who come into contact with asbestos directly. This may include:[1] [3]
- Asbestos mines/mills workers
- Asbestos products/asbestos-based products producers
- Construction workers, carpenters and painters
- Shipyard workers
- Cement manufacturers
- Insulation workers
- Electricians and heating tradespeople
- Plumbers
- Demolition workers
- Automotive industry workers, including brake and clutch repair workers
- Indirect exposure affects people who come in contact with asbestos in other ways. This may include:[1]
- Family members who are exposed to asbestos from fibres brought home on a worker’s clothing
- People who live in or near an asbestos factory or mine
- Direct exposure affects people who come into contact with asbestos directly. This may include:[1] [3]
- The risk of developing mesothelioma is related to how much asbestos a person was exposed to and how long the exposure lasted.
- People exposed at an early age, for a long period of time and to greater amounts of asbestos are more likely to develop mesothelioma.
- Occasionally, mesothelioma develops in people who have never been exposed to asbestos.[4]
Erionite
- Erionite is another naturally occurring mineral, happens to be a known human carcinogen associated with development of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma.
- The group of minerals, erionite belongs to is called zeolites.[1]
- Zeolites are chemically related to asbestos and erionite has asbestos-like fibres.
- Erionite is common in the soil in parts of Turkey and materials made with erionite are used in construction in these regions.
- High rates of mesothelioma in these areas are due to exposure to this mineral.[1]
Ionizing Radiation
- People who have been treated with radiation therapy to the chest or abdomen for lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, or other cancers can cause mesothelioma.[1]
- Although the risk of mesothelioma is higher in people who have been treated with radiation therapy, mesothelioma is likely to occur in only a very small number of these people.
- There have been reports linking mesothelioma to Thorotrast (thorium dioxide). Thorotrast is a contrast medium once used for imaging tests, but it is no longer used.[1]
Simian virus 40
- Infection with SV40 may cause mesothelioma.
- Evidence suggested the contamination of polio vaccines with SV40 from 1955 to 1963, which may have contributed to some cases of mesothelioma.
- It is thought that SV40 may act as a co-factor with asbestos in causing mesothelioma.[1]
Genetic predesposition
- Based on the fact that malignant mesothelioma clustering was observed in few families, a study was conducted in 2012 on caucasian american population to determine the genetic association.
- It was found that people with a somatic germline mutation in their BAP1 gene is associated with higher risk of developing mesothelioma and uveal melanoma.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Risk factors for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/risks/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Testa JR, Cheung M, Pei J, Below JE, Tan Y, Sementino E; et al. (2011). "Germline BAP1 mutations predispose to malignant mesothelioma". Nat Genet. 43 (10): 1022–5. doi:10.1038/ng.912. PMC 3184199. PMID 21874000.
- ↑ Gennaro V, Finkelstein MM, Ceppi M, Fontana V, Montanaro F, Perrotta A; et al. (2000). "Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers". Am J Ind Med. 37 (3): 275–82. PMID 10642417.
- ↑ Henderson DW, Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ, Leigh J (2004). "After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997-2004". Pathology. 36 (6): 517–50. PMID 15841689.