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| | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{About1|Plasmodium}} |
| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{Malaria}} | | {{Malaria}} |
| {{CMG}}
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| {{Infobox_Disease
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| | Name = Malaria
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| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|50||b|50}}
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| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|084}}
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| | Image = Plasmodium.jpg
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| | Caption = ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ring-forms and gametocytes in human blood.
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| | DiseasesDB = 7728
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| | MedlinePlus = 000621
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| |MIM = 248310
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| | eMedicineSubj = med
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| | eMedicineTopic = 1385
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| | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}
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| | MeshName = Malaria
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| | MeshNumber = C03.752.250.552 |
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| }}
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| ==[[Malaria overview|Overview]]==
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{USAMA}} |
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| ==[[Malaria historical perspective|Historical perspective]]== | | == [[Malaria overview|Overview]] == |
| ==[[Malaria epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]==
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| ==[[Malaria history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]]== | | == [[Malaria historical perspective|Historical Perspective]] == |
| Symptoms of malaria include [[fever]], [[shivering]], [[arthralgia]] (joint pain), [[vomiting]], [[anemia]] caused by [[hemolysis]], [[hemoglobinuria]], and [[convulsion]]s. There may be the feeling of tingling in the skin, particularly with malaria caused by ''P. falciparum''. The classical symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every two days in ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale'' infections, while every three for ''P. malariae''.<ref name=RBMarmenia>[http://www.malaria.am/eng/pathogenesis.php Malaria life cycle & pathogenesis]. Malaria in Armenia. Accessed October 31, 2006.</ref> ''P. falciparum'' can have recurrent fever every 36-48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. For reasons that are poorly understood, but which may be related to high [[intracranial pressure]], children with malaria frequently exhibit [[abnormal posturing]], a sign indicating severe brain damage.<ref name="Idro ">{{cite journal | last =Idro | first =R | authorlink = | coauthors =Otieno G, White S, Kahindi A, Fegan G, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Neville BG, Newton CR | title = Decorticate, decerebrate and opisthotonic posturing and seizures in Kenyan children with cerebral malaria| journal =Malaria Journal | volume =4 | issue =57 | pages = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16336645 | doi = | id =PMID 16336645 | accessdate =2007-01-21 }} </ref> Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread [[anemia]] during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.<ref>Boivin, M.J., "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12394524&dopt=Citation Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children]," ''Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics'' 23, no. 5 (October 2002): 353–64. Holding, P.A. and Snow, R.W., "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11425179&dopt=Citation Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence]," ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 64, suppl. nos. 1–2 (January–February 2001): 68–75.</ref>
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| Severe malaria is almost exclusively caused by ''P. falciparum'' infection and usually arises 6-14 days after infection.<ref name=Trampuz>{{cite journal | author = Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu R | title = Clinical review: Severe malaria. | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12930555 | journal = Crit Care | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 315-23 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12930555}}</ref> Consequences of severe malaria include [[coma]] and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. [[Splenomegaly]] (enlarged spleen), severe [[headache]], cerebral [[ischemia]], [[hepatomegaly]] (enlarged liver), [[hypoglycemia]], and hemoglobinuria with [[renal failure]] may occur. Renal failure may cause [[blackwater fever]], where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine. Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days.<ref name=Trampuz/> In the most severe cases of the disease fatality rates can exceed 20%, even with intensive care and treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kain K, Harrington M, Tennyson S, Keystone J | title = Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 142-9 | year = 1998 | id = PMID 9675468}}</ref> In endemic areas, treatment is often less satisfactory and the overall fatality rate for all cases of malaria can be as high as one in ten.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mockenhaupt F, Ehrhardt S, Burkhardt J, Bosomtwe S, Laryea S, Anemana S, Otchwemah R, Cramer J, Dietz E, Gellert S, Bienzle U | title = Manifestation and outcome of severe malaria in children in northern Ghana. | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 167-72 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15306705}}</ref> Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria.<ref name="carter2005">{{cite journal | author=Carter JA, Ross AJ, Neville BG, Obiero E, Katana K, Mung'ala-Odera V, Lees JA, Newton CR | title=Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year=2005 | volume=10 | pages=3-10 | id=PMID 15655008}}</ref>
| | == [[Malaria classification|Classification]]== |
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| Chronic malaria is seen in both ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale'', but not in ''P. falciparum''. Here, the disease can relapse months or years after exposure, due to the presence of latent parasites in the liver. Describing a case of malaria as cured by observing the disappearance of parasites from the bloodstream can therefore be deceptive. The longest incubation period reported for a ''P. vivax'' infection is 30 years.<ref name=Trampuz/> Approximately one in five of ''P. vivax'' malaria cases in temperate areas involve overwintering by hypnozoites (i.e., relapses begin the year after the mosquito bite).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Adak T, Sharma V, Orlov V | title = Studies on the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Delhi, India. | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 175-9 | year = 1998 | id = PMID 9684649}}</ref>
| | == [[Malaria pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] == |
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| ==[[Malaria causes|Causes of Malaria]]== | | == [[Malaria causes|Causes]] == |
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| ==[[Malaria pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | == [[Malaria differential diagnosis|Differentiating Malaria from other Diseases]]== |
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| == Diagnosis ==
| | == [[Malaria epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] == |
| ==[[Malaria laboratory tests|Lab Tests]]== | |
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| == Treatment == | | == [[Malaria risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==[[Malaria medical therapy|Medical Therapy]]== | | == [[Malaria screening|Screening]]== |
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| ==[[Malaria primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]== | | == [[Malaria natural history, complications, and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| ==References==
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| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
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| <references/>
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| </div>
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| ==<font color=#FFFFFF>External links</font>== | | == Diagnosis == |
| <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
| | [[Malaria history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Malaria physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Malaria laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Malaria xray|X rays]] | [[Malaria ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Malaria ct scan|CT scan]] | [[Malaria mri|MRI]] |
| <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''External links'''
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| </div>
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| <div class="NavContent">
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| '''General information'''
| | == Treatment == |
| * [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0707/index.html National Geographic July 2007 Issue on Malaria]
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| * [http://www.who.int/malaria/ WHO site on malaria]
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| ** [http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria]
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| * {{McGrawHillAnimation|microbiology|Malaria}}
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| * [http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/malariology/lectureNotes.cfm Johns Hopkins Malariology Open Courseware]
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| ** [http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/wmr2005/ World Malaria Report 2005]
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| * [http://www.malariacontrol.net/ www.malariacontrol.net] distributed computing project for the fight against malaria
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| * [http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/ United States Centers for Disease Control - ''Malaria''] information pages
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| * [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/malaria/index.cfm Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres - ''Malaria''] information pages
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| * [http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource-guides/health/malaria HRC/Eldis Health Resource Guide - ''Malaria''] research and resources on health in developing countries
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| * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Medline Plus - ''Malaria'']
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| * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87 Interview with Dr Andrew Speilman, Harvard malaria specialist]
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| * [http://www.malariaconsortium.org/ Malaria Consortium website]
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| * [http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/topic.jsp?i=20 GlobalHealthFacts.org] Malaria Cases and Deaths by Country
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| * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ottoknot/werk/Malaria.html Survey article: History of malaria around the North Sea]
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| * [http://www.driveagainstmalaria.org DriveAgainstMalaria.org], "World's longest journey to fight the biggest killer of children"
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| * [http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/malariology/ Malaria on JHSPH OpenCourseWare]
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| * [http://www.malaria.org/ Malaria Foundation International]
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| * [http://www.map.ox.ac.uk Malaria Atlas Project]
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| * [http://www.unitaid.eu UNITAID, International Facility for the Purchase of Drugs] ([[UNITAID|Wikipedia Article]])
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| '''Vaccine and other research'''
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| * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3742876.stm BBC - ''Hopes of Malaria Vaccine by 2010''] 15 October 2004
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| * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4419835.stm BBC - ''Science shows how malaria hides''] 8 April 2005
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| * [http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/History.htm History of discoveries in malaria]
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| * [http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/malaria/default.htm Malaria. The UNICEF-UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases]
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| * [http://www.malariavaccine.org Malaria Vaccine Initiative]
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| * [http://stevenlehrer.com/explorers/chapter_6-5.htm Story of the discovery of the vector of the malarial parasite]
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| * [http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/malaria/ Wellcome Trust against Malaria]
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| * [http://blogs.cgdev.org/vaccine/ "Vaccines for Development" - Blog on vaccine research and production for developing countries]
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| * [http://www.mmv.org/index.php Medicines for Malaria Venture]
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| * [http://www.allmosquitos.com/deseases/mosquito-transmitted-human-diseases/malaria.html Malaria and Mosquitos - questions and answers]
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| '''Mosquito Netting as Prevention'''
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| * [http://www.hisnets.org Hisnets] - Fighting Malaria: One Net At A Time
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| * [http://www.unicef.org/media/media_23447.html Call for Increased Production of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets as Part of the U.N. Millenium Campaign]
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| * [http://www.gmin.org/m3s1.html Providing everyone with a LLIN in Sahn Malen, a small village in Sierra Leone]
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| '''DDT'''
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| * [http://www.who.int/malaria/ddtandmalariavectorcontrol.html DDT and malaria vector control]
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| * [http://www.who.int/malaria/stockholmconventiononpops.html WHO Position on DDT Use]
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| * [http://info-pollution.com/ddtban.htm The DDT Ban Myth]
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| '''Animations, images and photos'''
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| * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/world_burden_of_malaria/html/1.stm Burden of Malaria], BBC pictures relating to malaria in northern Uganda
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| * [http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/sif_malaria.html Malaria: Cooperation among Parasite, Vector, and Host (Animation)]
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| *[http://www.malariafreefuture.org/blog/ Malaria Blog from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communications Programs]
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| |} | | [[Malaria medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Malaria prevention|Prevention]] | [[Malaria cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Malaria future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| </div>
| | == Case Studies == |
| </div>
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| ''</s></s>
| | [[Malaria case study one|Case #1]] |
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| {{Link FA |uk}}
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| | [[Category:Infectious disease project]] |
| [[Category:Apicomplexa]] | | [[Category:Apicomplexa]] |
| [[Category:Insect-borne diseases]] | | [[Category:Insect-borne diseases]] |
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| [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] | | [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] |
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