Kidney stone overview
| https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uloDkeBOxGQ%7C350}} |
|
Kidney stone Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Kidney stone overview On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kidney stone overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Historical Perspective
Urinary stones was first discovered by E. Smith, an English archaeologist, in 1901 when he found bladder stone in Egyptian mummy aged 4500-7000 year. In the 4th century B.C., when Hipprocratic Oath was made,the line that refers to stones was mentioned: “I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work....I will not cut for the stone, but will leave this to be done by practitioners of this work.”In the 8th century B.C, treatment strategy for stone removal was developed by an Indian surgeon, Sushruta as written in Sushruta Samhita. In 1976, the first percutaneous stone surgery was performed by Fernstrom and Johansson. The famous cases of nephrolithiasis includes: in 1549, Michelangelo was diagnosed and treated for uric acid stones;in 1724, Sir Isaac Newton noted that he passed two small pea-sized stones and in 1961, Roger Moore, aka James Bond, experienced three kidney stone episodes and treated with surgery.
Classification
Nephrolithiasis may be classified according to [classification method] into 4 subtypes/groups: calcium stones, struvite stones, uric acid stones and cystine stones
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hereditary pancreatitis from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of nephrolithiasis include radiopaque stones such as Calcium oxalatecalcium phosphate, struvite and radiolucent stones which includes uric acid stones and cystine stones.