Immune checkpoint: Difference between revisions
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
[[Pembrolizumab]] was approved by the [[FDA]] for “patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite-instability–high (MSI-H) or mismatch-repair–deficient (dMMR) solid tumors, regardless of tumor site or histology”. <ref name="pmid29020592">{{cite journal| author=Lemery S, Keegan P, Pazdur R| title=First FDA Approval Agnostic of Cancer Site - When a Biomarker Defines the Indication. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 377 | issue= 15 | pages= 1409-1412 | pmid=29020592 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp1709968 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29020592 }} </ref> | [[Pembrolizumab]] was approved by the [[FDA]] for “patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite-instability–high (MSI-H) or mismatch-repair–deficient (dMMR) solid tumors, regardless of tumor site or histology”. <ref name="pmid29020592">{{cite journal| author=Lemery S, Keegan P, Pazdur R| title=First FDA Approval Agnostic of Cancer Site - When a Biomarker Defines the Indication. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 377 | issue= 15 | pages= 1409-1412 | pmid=29020592 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp1709968 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29020592 }} </ref> | ||
[[Nivolumab]] may case drug toxicity in about 40% of patients - rash and diarrhea are the most common effects<ref name="pmid22658127">{{cite journal| author=Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF et al.| title=Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 366 | issue= 26 | pages= 2443-54 | pmid=22658127 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200690 | pmc=3544539 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22658127 }} </ref>. | |||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
Revision as of 17:14, 13 November 2017
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target immune checkpoints.
PD-1 inhibitors
These antibodies target the Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor (PD-1 Receptor). Programmed Cell Death Type I is also known as apoptosis. The PD-1 Receptor is "an inhibitory T-lymphocyte receptor that has specificity for CD274 antigen and Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein."[1][2]
Pembrolizumab was approved by the FDA for “patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite-instability–high (MSI-H) or mismatch-repair–deficient (dMMR) solid tumors, regardless of tumor site or histology”. [3]
Nivolumab may case drug toxicity in about 40% of patients - rash and diarrhea are the most common effects[4].
Examples:
- Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
- Nivolumab (Opdivo)
PD-L1 inhibitors
- Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)
- Avelumab (Bavencio)
- Durvalumab (Imfinzi)
CTLA-4 blockade
The CTLA-4 Antigen is "an inhibitory T cell receptor that is closely related to CD28 antigen. It has specificity for CD80 antigen and CD86 antigen and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing peripheral tolerance."[5]
Ipilimumab may cause autoimmune pituitary disease[6] and exacerbate autoimmune disease in recipients with pre-existing autoimmune disease[7].
Examples:
- Ipilimumab (Yervoy)
Raf protein kinase inhibitors
Raf inhibitors are "a family of closely-related serine-threonine kinases that were originally identified as the cellular homologs of the retrovirus-derived V-RAF kinases. They are MAP kinase kinase kinases that play important roles in signal transduction."[8]
Examples:
See also
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Boussiotis VA (2016). "Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of the PD-1 Checkpoint Pathway". N Engl J Med. 375 (18): 1767–1778. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1514296. PMC 5575761. PMID 27806234.
- ↑ Lemery S, Keegan P, Pazdur R (2017). "First FDA Approval Agnostic of Cancer Site - When a Biomarker Defines the Indication". N Engl J Med. 377 (15): 1409–1412. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1709968. PMID 29020592.
- ↑ Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF; et al. (2012). "Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer". N Engl J Med. 366 (26): 2443–54. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200690. PMC 3544539. PMID 22658127.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), CTLA-4 Antigen (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Corsello SM, Barnabei A, Marchetti P, De Vecchis L, Salvatori R, Torino F (2013). "Endocrine side effects induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98 (4): 1361–75. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4075. PMID 23471977.
- ↑ Johnson DB, Sullivan RJ, Ott PA, Carlino MS, Khushalani NI, Ye F; et al. (2016). "Ipilimumab Therapy in Patients With Advanced Melanoma and Preexisting Autoimmune Disorders". JAMA Oncol. 2 (2): 234–40. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.4368. PMID 26633184.
- ↑ Template:Mesh