Hypoglycemia causes: Difference between revisions
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====Hypoglycemia in Older Adults==== | ====Hypoglycemia in Older Adults==== | ||
The incidence of hypoglycemia due to complex drug interactions, especially involving oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin for diabetes rises with age. Though much rarer, the incidence of insulin-producing tumors also rises with advancing age. Most tumors causing hypoglycemia by mechanisms other than insulin excess occur in adults | The incidence of hypoglycemia due to complex drug interactions, especially involving oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin for diabetes rises with age. Though much rarer, the incidence of insulin-producing tumors also rises with advancing age. Most tumors causing hypoglycemia by mechanisms other than insulin excess occur in adults | ||
* | * Drugs: they are the most common cause of hypoglycemia.[1] | ||
* Insulin or insulin secretagogue: sulfonylureas, glyburide and less common glipizide or glimepiride due to longer duration of action. [30]. They suppress hepatic glucose production and stimulate glucose utilization causing hypoglycemia. | |||
* | * Other drugs in non-diabetic patients: quinolones, pentamidine, quinine, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and IGF-1 especially in in older patients with underlying renal or hepatic dysfunctions. [32] | ||
* | * Alcohol: due to hepatic glycogen depletion in fasting patients. Alcohol can induce hypoglycemia alone or associated with other hypoglycemic drugs. | ||
* | * Critical illnesses: hepatic, renal, or cardiac failure, sepsis. [34] It occurs due to impaired liver gluconeogenesis. Sepsis induced cytokines secretion cause supression of gluconeogenesis. 36 | ||
* | * Hormone deficiency: cortisol in acquired [[adrenal insufficiency|adrenal insufficiency or]] acquired [[hypopituitarism]] | ||
* | * Nonislet cell tumor: Hypoglycemia usually occurs as a result of tumor production of IGF-2. 1 | ||
* | * Insulinoma | ||
* | * Post gastric bypass hypoglycemia: rapid jejunal emptying with exaggerated insulin response. | ||
* | * Insulin autoimmune hypoglycemia: it occurs in patients who have antibodies directed to endogenous insulin or to the insulin receptor. 41 | ||
* Accidental, surreptitious, or malicious hypoglycemia | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:21, 13 July 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2]
Overview
Is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or death. Some causes of hypoglycemia are chloramphenicol, addison's disease, acute fatty liver of pregnancy and sepsis.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes
Common Causes
Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants
Hypoglycemia is a common problem in critically ill or extremely low birthweight infants. If not due to maternal hyperglycemia, in most cases it is multifactorial, transient and easily supported. In a minority of cases hypoglycemia turns out to be due to significant hyperinsulinism, hypopituitarism or an inborn error of metabolism and presents more of a management challenge.
- Transient neonatal hypoglycemia
- Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia
- Maternal hyperglycemia due to diabetes or iatrogenic glucose administration
- Sepsis
- Prolonged fasting (e.g., due to inadequate breast milk or condition interfering with feeding)
- Congenital hypopituitarism
- Congenital hyperinsulinism, several types, both transient and persistent
- Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism such as glycogen storage disease
Hypoglycemia in Young Children
Single episodes of hypoglycemia due to gastroenteritis or fasting, but recurrent episodes nearly always indicate either an inborn error of metabolism, congenital hypopituitarism, or congenital hyperinsulinism
- Prolonged fasting
- Diarrheal illness in young children, especially rotavirus gastroenteritis
- Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia
- Isolated growth hormone deficiency, hypopituitarism
- Insulin excess
- Hyperinsulinism due to several congenital disorders of insulin secretion
- Insulin injected for type 1 diabetes
- Gastric dumping syndrome (after gastrointestinal surgery)
- Other congenital metabolic diseases; some of the common include
- Maple syrup urine disease and other organic acidurias
- Type 1 glycogen storage disease
- Disorders of fatty acid oxidation
- Medium chain acylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)
- Accidental ingestions
- Sulfonylureas, propranolol and others
- Ethanol (mouthwash, "leftover morning-after-the-party drinks")
Hypoglycemia in Older Children and Young Adults
By far the most common cause of severe hypoglycemia in this age range is insulin injected for type 1 diabetes. Circumstances should provide clues fairly quickly for the new diseases causing severe hypoglycemia. All of the congenital metabolic defects, congenital forms of hyperinsulinism, and congenital hypopituitarism are likely to have already been diagnosed or are unlikely to start causing new hypoglycemia at this age. Body mass is large enough to make starvation hypoglycemia and idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia quite uncommon. Recurrent mild hypoglycemia may fit a reactive hypoglycemia pattern, but this is also the peak age for idiopathic postprandial syndrome, and recurrent "spells" in this age group can be traced to orthostatic hypotension or hyperventilation as often as demonstrable hypoglycemia.
- Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
- Insulin injected for type 1 diabetes
- Factitious insulin injection (Munchausen syndrome)
- Insulin-secreting pancreatic tumor
- Reactive hypoglycemia and idiopathic postprandial syndrome
- Addison's disease
- Sepsis
Hypoglycemia in Older Adults
The incidence of hypoglycemia due to complex drug interactions, especially involving oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin for diabetes rises with age. Though much rarer, the incidence of insulin-producing tumors also rises with advancing age. Most tumors causing hypoglycemia by mechanisms other than insulin excess occur in adults
- Drugs: they are the most common cause of hypoglycemia.[1]
- Insulin or insulin secretagogue: sulfonylureas, glyburide and less common glipizide or glimepiride due to longer duration of action. [30]. They suppress hepatic glucose production and stimulate glucose utilization causing hypoglycemia.
- Other drugs in non-diabetic patients: quinolones, pentamidine, quinine, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and IGF-1 especially in in older patients with underlying renal or hepatic dysfunctions. [32]
- Alcohol: due to hepatic glycogen depletion in fasting patients. Alcohol can induce hypoglycemia alone or associated with other hypoglycemic drugs.
- Critical illnesses: hepatic, renal, or cardiac failure, sepsis. [34] It occurs due to impaired liver gluconeogenesis. Sepsis induced cytokines secretion cause supression of gluconeogenesis. 36
- Hormone deficiency: cortisol in acquired adrenal insufficiency or acquired hypopituitarism
- Nonislet cell tumor: Hypoglycemia usually occurs as a result of tumor production of IGF-2. 1
- Insulinoma
- Post gastric bypass hypoglycemia: rapid jejunal emptying with exaggerated insulin response.
- Insulin autoimmune hypoglycemia: it occurs in patients who have antibodies directed to endogenous insulin or to the insulin receptor. 41
- Accidental, surreptitious, or malicious hypoglycemia