Human parainfluenza viruses

Transmission electron micrograph of parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

The viruses

HPIVs are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that possess fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein "spikes" on their surface. There are four serotypes types of HPIV (1 through 4) and two subtypes (4a and 4b). The virion varies in size (average diameter between 150 and 300 nm) and shape, is unstable in the environment (surviving a few hours on environmental surfaces), and is readily inactivated with soap and water.

Types

The four serotypes include:

• Human parainfluenza virus type 1: HPIV-1 (most common cause of croup; also other upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses typical)
• Human parainfluenza virus type 2: HPIV-2 (causes croup and other upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses)
• Human parainfluenza virus type 3: HPIV-3 (associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia)
• Human parainfluenza virus type 4: HPIV-4 (includes subtypes 4a and 4b)

References

• American Academy of Pediatrics. Parainfluenza Viral Infections. In: Peter G, ed. 1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 24th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1997: 379.
• Collins PL, Chanock RM, McIntosh K. Parainfluenza viruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1995: 1205-41.
• Glezen WP, Denny FW. Parainfluenza Viruses In: Evans A, Kaslow R, eds. Viral Infections in Humans: epidemiology and control. 4th ed. New York: Plenum; 1997:551-67.