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{{Hepatocellular carcinoma}}
{{Hepatocellular carcinoma}}


{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MJK}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SH}} {{MJK}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are [[chronic hepatitis B]], [[chronic hepatitis C]], [[cirrhosis]], and inherited metabolic diseases.
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are [[chronic hepatitis B]] [[infection]], [[chronic hepatitis C]] [[infection]], [[cirrhosis]], inherited [[metabolic diseases]] and [[Aflatoxins|aflaoxins]].


==Common Risk Factors==
==Common Risk Factors==
Common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:<ref name="cancergov">National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015.http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq</ref>
Common [[risk factors]] that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:<ref name="cancergov">National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015.http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq</ref><ref name="pmid22021666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Fedirko V, Trepo E, Jenab M, Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Overved K, Tjønneland A, Outzen M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Benetou V, Zylis D, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Van Kranen HJ, Peeters PH, Lund E, Quirós JR, González CA, Sanchez Perez MJ, Navarro C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Lindkvist B, Regnér S, Werner M, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key T, Romieu I, Chuang SC, Murphy N, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Riboli E |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=103 |issue=22 |pages=1686–95 |year=2011 |pmid=22021666 |pmc=3216968 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djr395 |url=}}</ref><ref>Cecil, Russell L., James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith. ''Textbook of ''. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988. Print.</ref><ref name="urlRedirecting">{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.010 |title=Redirecting |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="CHEDIDKRUEL2017">{{cite journal|last1=CHEDID|first1=Marcio F.|last2=KRUEL|first2=Cleber R. P.|last3=PINTO|first3=Marcelo A.|last4=GREZZANA-FILHO|first4=Tomaz J. M.|last5=LEIPNITZ|first5=Ian|last6=KRUEL|first6=Cleber D. P.|last7=SCAFFARO|first7=Leandro A.|last8=CHEDID|first8=Aljamir D.|title=HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT|journal=ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo)|volume=30|issue=4|year=2017|pages=272–278|issn=2317-6326|doi=10.1590/0102-6720201700040011}}</ref><ref name="pmid28989095">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fujiwara N, Friedman SL, Goossens N, Hoshida Y |title=Risk factors and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28989095 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2017.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="TradBibani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Trad|first1=Dorra|last2=Bibani|first2=Norsaf|last3=Sabbah|first3=Meriam|last4=Elloumi|first4=Hela|last5=Gargouri|first5=Dalila|last6=Ouakaa|first6=Asma|last7=Kharrat|first7=Jamel|title=Known, new and emerging risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (review)|journal=La Presse Médicale|volume=46|issue=11|year=2017|pages=1000–1007|issn=07554982|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.025}}</ref><ref name="pmid28987047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Budny A, Kozłowski P, Kamińska M, Jankiewicz M, Kolak A, Budny B, Budny W, Niemunis-Sawicka J, Szczypiór G, Kurniawka B, Burdan F |title=[Epidemiology and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=43 |issue=255 |pages=133–139 |year=2017 |pmid=28987047 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Parkin2006">{{cite journal|last1=Parkin|first1=Donald Maxwell|title=The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=118|issue=12|year=2006|pages=3030–3044|issn=0020-7136|doi=10.1002/ijc.21731}}</ref><ref name="ShiZhu2005">{{cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=J|last2=Zhu|first2=L|last3=Liu|first3=S|last4=Xie|first4=W-f|title=A meta-analysis of case–control studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma in China|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=92|issue=3|year=2005|pages=607–612|issn=0007-0920|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6602333}}</ref>
*[[Chronic hepatitis B]]
*[[Chronic hepatitis B]]
*[[Chronic hepatitis C]]  
*[[Chronic hepatitis C]]  
*[[Cirrhosis]]  
*[[Cirrhosis]] with [[hemochromatosis]]
*Inherited metabolic diseases such as [[hemochromatosis]], [[tyrosinemia]], [[alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[porphyria cutanea tarda]], [[glycogen storage diseases]], and [[Wilson disease]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]]
*[[Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]]
*Food contaminated with [[Aspergillus flavus]] (especially [[Peanut|peanuts]] and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons), which produces [[aflatoxins]].


==Less Common Risk Factors==
==Less Common Risk Factors==
Less common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:
Less common [[risk factors]] that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:<ref name="TradBibani20172">{{cite journal|last1=Trad|first1=Dorra|last2=Bibani|first2=Norsaf|last3=Sabbah|first3=Meriam|last4=Elloumi|first4=Hela|last5=Gargouri|first5=Dalila|last6=Ouakaa|first6=Asma|last7=Kharrat|first7=Jamel|title=Known, new and emerging risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (review)|journal=La Presse Médicale|volume=46|issue=11|year=2017|pages=1000–1007|issn=07554982|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.025}}</ref><ref name="pmid9762169">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clavière C, Bronowicki JP, Hudziak H, Bigard MA, Gaucher P |title=[Role of sex steroids and their receptors in the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma] |language=French |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |year=1998 |pmid=9762169 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlStudies of Cancer in Humans - Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK316397/#p6b-s2.4 |title=Studies of Cancer in Humans - Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15285078">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking |journal=IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum |volume=83 |issue= |pages=1–1438 |year=2004 |pmid=15285078 |pmc=4781536 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Anabolic steroids]]  
*[[Anabolic steroids]]  
*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency|Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]]
*[[Arsenic]]  
*[[Arsenic]]  
*[[Vinyl chloride]] and thorium dioxide
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obesity]]
*Food infected with ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' (especially [[peanut]]s and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons), which produces [[aflatoxin]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*Food infected with [[Aspergillus flavus]] (especially [[peanut]]s and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons), which produces [[aflatoxin]].
*[[Glycogen storage diseases]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Inherited]] [[metabolic diseases]] such as:
**[[Porphyria cutanea tarda]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Tyrosinemia]]
*[[Vinyl chloride]] and [[thorium dioxide]]
*[[Wilson disease]]


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 22:08, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are chronic hepatitis B infection, chronic hepatitis C infection, cirrhosis, inherited metabolic diseases and aflaoxins.

Common Risk Factors

Common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Less Common Risk Factors

Less common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:[11][12][13][14]

References

  1. ↑ National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015.http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq
  2. ↑ Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Fedirko V, Trepo E, Jenab M, Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Overved K, Tjønneland A, Outzen M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Benetou V, Zylis D, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Van Kranen HJ, Peeters PH, Lund E, Quirós JR, González CA, Sanchez Perez MJ, Navarro C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Lindkvist B, Regnér S, Werner M, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key T, Romieu I, Chuang SC, Murphy N, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Riboli E (2011). "Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 103 (22): 1686–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr395. PMC 3216968. PMID 22021666.
  3. ↑ Cecil, Russell L., James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith. Textbook of . Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988. Print.
  4. ↑ "Redirecting".
  5. ↑ CHEDID, Marcio F.; KRUEL, Cleber R. P.; PINTO, Marcelo A.; GREZZANA-FILHO, Tomaz J. M.; LEIPNITZ, Ian; KRUEL, Cleber D. P.; SCAFFARO, Leandro A.; CHEDID, Aljamir D. (2017). "HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT". ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo). 30 (4): 272–278. doi:10.1590/0102-6720201700040011. ISSN 2317-6326.
  6. ↑ Fujiwara N, Friedman SL, Goossens N, Hoshida Y (2017). "Risk factors and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine". J. Hepatol. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.09.016. PMID 28989095.
  7. ↑ Trad, Dorra; Bibani, Norsaf; Sabbah, Meriam; Elloumi, Hela; Gargouri, Dalila; Ouakaa, Asma; Kharrat, Jamel (2017). "Known, new and emerging risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (review)". La Presse Médicale. 46 (11): 1000–1007. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.025. ISSN 0755-4982.
  8. ↑ Budny A, Kozłowski P, Kamińska M, Jankiewicz M, Kolak A, Budny B, Budny W, Niemunis-Sawicka J, Szczypiór G, Kurniawka B, Burdan F (2017). "[Epidemiology and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 43 (255): 133–139. PMID 28987047.
  9. ↑ Parkin, Donald Maxwell (2006). "The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002". International Journal of Cancer. 118 (12): 3030–3044. doi:10.1002/ijc.21731. ISSN 0020-7136.
  10. ↑ Shi, J; Zhu, L; Liu, S; Xie, W-f (2005). "A meta-analysis of case–control studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma in China". British Journal of Cancer. 92 (3): 607–612. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602333. ISSN 0007-0920.
  11. ↑ Trad, Dorra; Bibani, Norsaf; Sabbah, Meriam; Elloumi, Hela; Gargouri, Dalila; Ouakaa, Asma; Kharrat, Jamel (2017). "Known, new and emerging risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (review)". La Presse Médicale. 46 (11): 1000–1007. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.025. ISSN 0755-4982.
  12. ↑ Clavière C, Bronowicki JP, Hudziak H, Bigard MA, Gaucher P (1998). "[Role of sex steroids and their receptors in the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma]". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. (in French). 22 (1): 73–86. PMID 9762169.
  13. ↑ "Studies of Cancer in Humans - Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking - NCBI Bookshelf".
  14. ↑ "Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking". IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 83: 1–1438. 2004. PMC 4781536. PMID 15285078.


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