Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are chronic hepatitis B infection, chronic hepatitis C infection, cirrhosis, inherited metabolic diseases and aflaoxins.
Common Risk Factors
Common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
- Chronic hepatitis B
- Chronic hepatitis C
- Cirrhosis with hemochromatosis
- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- Food contaminated with Aspergillus flavus (especially peanuts and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons), which produces aflatoxins.
Less Common Risk Factors
Less common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:[11][12][13][14]
- Anabolic steroids
- Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Arsenic
- Alcohol
- Obesity
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Food infected with Aspergillus flavus (especially peanuts and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons), which produces aflatoxin.
- Glycogen storage diseases
- Hemochromatosis
- Inherited metabolic diseases such as:
- Smoking
- Tyrosinemia
- Vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide
- Wilson disease
References
- ↑ National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015.http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq
- ↑ Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Fedirko V, Trepo E, Jenab M, Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Overved K, Tjønneland A, Outzen M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Benetou V, Zylis D, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Van Kranen HJ, Peeters PH, Lund E, Quirós JR, González CA, Sanchez Perez MJ, Navarro C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Lindkvist B, Regnér S, Werner M, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key T, Romieu I, Chuang SC, Murphy N, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Riboli E (2011). "Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 103 (22): 1686–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr395. PMC 3216968. PMID 22021666.
- ↑ Cecil, Russell L., James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith. Textbook of . Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988. Print.
- ↑ "Redirecting".
- ↑ CHEDID, Marcio F.; KRUEL, Cleber R. P.; PINTO, Marcelo A.; GREZZANA-FILHO, Tomaz J. M.; LEIPNITZ, Ian; KRUEL, Cleber D. P.; SCAFFARO, Leandro A.; CHEDID, Aljamir D. (2017). "HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT". ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo). 30 (4): 272–278. doi:10.1590/0102-6720201700040011. ISSN 2317-6326.
- ↑ Fujiwara N, Friedman SL, Goossens N, Hoshida Y (2017). "Risk factors and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine". J. Hepatol. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.09.016. PMID 28989095.
- ↑ Trad, Dorra; Bibani, Norsaf; Sabbah, Meriam; Elloumi, Hela; Gargouri, Dalila; Ouakaa, Asma; Kharrat, Jamel (2017). "Known, new and emerging risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (review)". La Presse Médicale. 46 (11): 1000–1007. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.025. ISSN 0755-4982.
- ↑ Budny A, Kozłowski P, Kamińska M, Jankiewicz M, Kolak A, Budny B, Budny W, Niemunis-Sawicka J, Szczypiór G, Kurniawka B, Burdan F (2017). "[Epidemiology and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 43 (255): 133–139. PMID 28987047.
- ↑ Parkin, Donald Maxwell (2006). "The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002". International Journal of Cancer. 118 (12): 3030–3044. doi:10.1002/ijc.21731. ISSN 0020-7136.
- ↑ Shi, J; Zhu, L; Liu, S; Xie, W-f (2005). "A meta-analysis of case–control studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma in China". British Journal of Cancer. 92 (3): 607–612. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602333. ISSN 0007-0920.
- ↑ Trad, Dorra; Bibani, Norsaf; Sabbah, Meriam; Elloumi, Hela; Gargouri, Dalila; Ouakaa, Asma; Kharrat, Jamel (2017). "Known, new and emerging risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (review)". La Presse Médicale. 46 (11): 1000–1007. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.025. ISSN 0755-4982.
- ↑ Clavière C, Bronowicki JP, Hudziak H, Bigard MA, Gaucher P (1998). "[Role of sex steroids and their receptors in the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma]". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. (in French). 22 (1): 73–86. PMID 9762169.
- ↑ "Studies of Cancer in Humans - Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking - NCBI Bookshelf".
- ↑ "Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking". IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 83: 1–1438. 2004. PMC 4781536. PMID 15285078.