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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''High-mobility group protein B2''' also known as '''high-mobility group protein 2''' (HMG-2) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''HMGB2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1754403">{{cite journal | vauthors = Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, Rudzinski I, Polte T, Randhawa Z, Seidman MM | title = Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 19 | issue = 23 | pages = 6643 | date = Dec 1991 | pmid = 1754403 | pmc = 329240 | doi = 10.1093/nar/19.23.6643 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3148| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_HMGB2_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1ckt.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1ckt}}, {{PDB2|1j3c}}, {{PDB2|1j3d}}, {{PDB2|1j3x}}
| Name = High-mobility group box 2
| HGNCid = 5000
| Symbol = HMGB2
| AltSymbols =; HMG2
| OMIM = 163906
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 37582
| MGIid = 96157
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_HMGB2_208808_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003690 |text = double-stranded DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003697 |text = single-stranded DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008301 |text = DNA bending activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000228 |text = nuclear chromosome}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000785 |text = chromatin}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000793 |text = condensed chromosome}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048471 |text = perinuclear region of cytoplasm}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006260 |text = DNA replication}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006268 |text = DNA unwinding during replication}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006281 |text = DNA repair}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006288 |text = base-excision repair, DNA ligation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006325 |text = establishment and/or maintenance of chromatin architecture}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006334 |text = nucleosome assembly}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006357 |text = regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048015 |text = phosphoinositide-mediated signaling}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 3148
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000164104
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002120
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002129
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 174489434
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 174492851
    | Hs_Uniprot = P26583
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 97165
    | Mm_Ensembl = 
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_001052174
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_001052174
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
'''High-mobility group box 2''', also known as '''HMGB2''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3148| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
This gene encodes a member of the non-[[histone]] chromosomal [[high-mobility group]] protein family.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murugesapillai D, McCauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC | title = Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins | journal = Biophysical Reviews | date = 15 November 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4 }}</ref> The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles.  These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final [[DNA ligase|ligation]] step in DNA end-joining processes of [[DNA repair#Double-strand breaks|DNA double-strand breaks repair]] and [[V(D)J recombination]].<ref name="entrez"/>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein family. The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles.  These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3148| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS | title = A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 20 | issue = 23 | pages = 6413 | date = Dec 1992 | pmid = 1475204 | pmc = 334538 | doi = 10.1093/nar/20.23.6413 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shirakawa H, Yoshida M | title = Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 267 | issue = 10 | pages = 6641–5 | date = Apr 1992 | pmid = 1551873 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS |title=A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=20 |issue= 23 |pages= 6413 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1475204 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bernués J, Espel E, Querol E | title = Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2 | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 866 | issue = 4 | pages = 242–51 | date = May 1986 | pmid = 3697355 | doi = 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90049-7 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shirakawa H, Yoshida M |title=Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 10 |pages= 6641-5 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1551873 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zwilling S, König H, Wirth T | title = High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 1198–208 | date = Mar 1995 | pmid = 7720710 | pmc = 398197 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, ''et al.'' |title=Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=19 |issue= 23 |pages= 6643 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1754403 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA | title = Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2 | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 1354–65 | date = Jun 1995 | pmid = 7797075 | doi = 10.1101/gad.9.11.1354 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bernués J, Espel E, Querol E |title=Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=866 |issue= 4 |pages= 242-51 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3697355 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Paull TT, Haykinson MJ, Johnson RC | title = The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = 1521–34 | date = Aug 1993 | pmid = 8339930 | doi = 10.1101/gad.7.8.1521 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zwilling S, König H, Wirth T |title=High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=14 |issue= 6 |pages= 1198-208 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7720710 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wanschura S, Schoenmakers EF, Huysmans C, Bartnitzke S, Van de Ven WJ, Bullrdiek J | title = Mapping of the human HMG2 gene to 4q31 | journal = Genomics | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 264–5 | date = Jan 1996 | pmid = 8824816 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1996.0046 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA |title=Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=9 |issue= 11 |pages= 1354-65 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7797075 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nagaki S, Yamamoto M, Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Teraoka H | title = Non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2 enhance ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 246 | issue = 1 | pages = 137–41 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9600082 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8589 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Paull TT, Haykinson MJ, Johnson RC |title=The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=7 |issue= 8 |pages= 1521-34 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8339930 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P, Altmann M, Ronfani L, Bianchi ME, Taraseviciene L, Nordeen SK, Allegretto EA, Edwards DP | title = High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 4471–87 | date = Aug 1998 | pmid = 9671457 | pmc = 109033 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.18.8.4471}}
*{{cite journal | author=Wanschura S, Schoenmakers EF, Huysmans C, ''et al.'' |title=Mapping of the human HMG2 gene to 4q31. |journal=Genomics |volume=31 |issue= 2 |pages= 264-5 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8824816 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Suwa A, Watanabe F, Teraoka H | title = High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 519–27 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9722660 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022143 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nagaki S, Yamamoto M, Yumoto Y, ''et al.'' |title=Non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2 enhance ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=246 |issue= 1 |pages= 137-41 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9600082 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8589 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aidinis V, Bonaldi T, Beltrame M, Santagata S, Bianchi ME, Spanopoulou E | title = The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2 | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 10 | pages = 6532–42 | date = Oct 1999 | pmid = 10490593 | pmc = 84623 | doi =  10.1128/mcb.19.10.6532}}
*{{cite journal | author=Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P, ''et al.'' |title=High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=18 |issue= 8 |pages= 4471-87 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9671457 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Butteroni C, De Felici M, Schöler HR, Pesce M | title = Phage display screening reveals an association between germline-specific transcription factor Oct-4 and multiple cellular proteins | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 304 | issue = 4 | pages = 529–40 | date = Dec 2000 | pmid = 11099378 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4238 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, ''et al.'' |title=High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro. |journal=J. Biochem. |volume=124 |issue= 3 |pages= 519-27 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9722660 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stros M, Ozaki T, Bacikova A, Kageyama H, Nakagawara A | title = HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 9 | pages = 7157–64 | date = Mar 2002 | pmid = 11748232 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M110233200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Aidinis V, Bonaldi T, Beltrame M, ''et al.'' |title=The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=19 |issue= 10 |pages= 6532-42 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10490593 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J | title = HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 8 | pages = 2810–20 | date = Apr 2002 | pmid = 11909973 | pmc = 133744 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.22.8.2810-2820.2002 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Butteroni C, De Felici M, Schöler HR, Pesce M |title=Phage display screening reveals an association between germline-specific transcription factor Oct-4 and multiple cellular proteins. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=304 |issue= 4 |pages= 529-40 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11099378 |doi= 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4238 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dubois T, Howell S, Zemlickova E, Aitken A | title = Identification of casein kinase Ialpha interacting protein partners | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 517 | issue = 1-3 | pages = 167–71 | date = Apr 2002 | pmid = 12062430 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02614-5 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Stros M, Ozaki T, Bacikova A, ''et al.'' |title=HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 9 |pages= 7157-64 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11748232 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M110233200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Xu Z, Novina CD, Yoshida A, Pommier Y, Lieberman J | title = Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A | journal = Nature Immunology | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–53 | date = Feb 2003 | pmid = 12524539 | doi = 10.1038/ni885 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J |title=HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=22 |issue= 8 |pages= 2810-20 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11909973 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lv X, Xu DD, Liu DP, Li L, Hao DL, Liang CC | title = High-mobility group protein 2 may be involved in the locus control region regulation of the beta-globin gene cluster | journal = Biochemistry and Cell Biology | volume = 80 | issue = 6 | pages = 765–70 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12555809 | doi = 10.1139/o02-164 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dubois T, Howell S, Zemlickova E, Aitken A |title=Identification of casein kinase Ialpha interacting protein partners. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=517 |issue= 1-3 |pages= 167-71 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12062430 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, Agresti A, Nordmann P, Bianchi ME, Marechal V | title = Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 3414–26 | date = Aug 2003 | pmid = 12925773 | pmc = 181577 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0581 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV,  Tanizawa H,  Fatkhutdinov N, Bitler BG,  Le L,  Alicea G, Yang TL,  Johnson FB, Noma K, Zhang R | title = HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci | journal = JCB | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = Oct 2016 | pmid = | doi = 10.1083/jcb.201608026 | url =http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/215/3/325.full.pdf}} <small>Loss of HMGB2 (High-mobility group protein box 2) during [[senescence]] blunts SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) [[gene]] expression by allowing for spreading of repressive [[heterochromatin]] into SASP gene loci. This correlates with incorporation of SASP gene loci into SAHF (senescence-associated heterochromatin foci), which in turn represses SASP gene expression</small>
*{{cite journal | author=Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, ''et al.'' |title=Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A. |journal=Nat. Immunol. |volume=4 |issue= 2 |pages= 145-53 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12524539 |doi= 10.1038/ni885 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lv X, Xu DD, Liu DP, ''et al.'' |title=High-mobility group protein 2 may be involved in the locus control region regulation of the beta-globin gene cluster. |journal=Biochem. Cell Biol. |volume=80 |issue= 6 |pages= 765-70 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12555809 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, ''et al.'' |title=Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes. |journal=Mol. Biol. Cell |volume=14 |issue= 8 |pages= 3414-26 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12925773 |doi= 10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0581 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
== External links ==
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
* {{MeshName|HMGB2+protein,+human}}
 
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=3148}}
{{Transcription factors|g4}}
 
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
 
 
{{gene-4-stub}}

Latest revision as of 12:00, 10 January 2019

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
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Wikidata
View/Edit Human

High-mobility group protein B2 also known as high-mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB2 gene.[1][2]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family.[3] The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, Rudzinski I, Polte T, Randhawa Z, Seidman MM (Dec 1991). "Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA". Nucleic Acids Research. 19 (23): 6643. doi:10.1093/nar/19.23.6643. PMC 329240. PMID 1754403.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2".
  3. ↑ Murugesapillai D, McCauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC (15 November 2016). "Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins". Biophysical Reviews. doi:10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4.

Further reading

External links


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