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__NOTOC__
{{Gonorrhea}}
{{Gonorrhea}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SaraM}}, [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of gonorrhea include sexual activity, multiple sex partners, previous history of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s, partner with a past history of any [[sexually transmitted disease]], and failure to use a condom during sex.<ref name="pmid9607868">{{cite journal| author=Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, Boyer CB, Brooks GF, Bolan G| title=Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 177 | issue= 6 | pages= 1766-9 | pmid=9607868 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607868  }} </ref><ref name=CDC-risk-gonorrhea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm Accessed September 20, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid9314811">{{cite journal| author=Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ, Hadgu A| title=Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria for general clinical use. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1997 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1535-8 | pmid=9314811 | doi= | pmc=1380985 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314811  }} </ref>


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]
==Overview==
'''Gonorrhea''' ('''gonorrhoea''' in British English) is amongst the most common [[sexually transmitted disease]]s in the world and is caused by [[Gram-negative]] [[Bacteria|bacterium]] ''[[Neisseria gonorrheae]]''. The term comes from Ancient Greek γονόρροια (''gonórrhoia''), literally "flow of seed"; in ancient times it was incorrectly believed that the [[pus]] discharge associated with the disease contained semen.<ref>[http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/g/g0191000.html Definition of the term gonorrhea]</ref>
==Risk factors==
==Risk factors==
Any sexually active person can be infected with gonorrhea. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African Americans.
Any sexually active person can become infected with gonorrhea. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are observed among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African-Americans.
Common risk factors for the development of [[gonococcal]] infection include:<ref name="pmid9607868">{{cite journal| author=Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, Boyer CB, Brooks GF, Bolan G| title=Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 177 | issue= 6 | pages= 1766-9 | pmid=9607868 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607868  }} </ref><ref name=CDC-risk-gonorrhea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm Accessed September 20, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid9314811">{{cite journal| author=Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ, Hadgu A| title=Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria for general clinical use. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1997 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1535-8 | pmid=9314811 | doi= | pmc=1380985 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314811  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1442733">{{cite journal| author=Hook EW, Reichart CA, Upchurch DM, Ray P, Celentano D, Quinn TC| title=Comparative behavioral epidemiology of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among patients attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1992 | volume= 136 | issue= 6 | pages= 662-72 | pmid=1442733 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1442733  }} </ref>
*Having multiple sexual partners
*Having a sexual partner with a past history of any [[sexually transmitted disease]]
*Failure to use condoms during sexual intercourse
*Having a [[drug addiction]]
*[[homosexual|Male homosexuality]]
**Multiple anonymous partners
**Abuse of substances ([[methamphetamine|crystal methamphetamine]])
**History of [[HIV infection]]
*Low socioeconomic status
*Being of Black, Hispanic, or Native Americans descent
*Abuse of substances (e.g., crack, cocaine)
*Early [[age of onset]] of sexual activity
*[[Pelvic inflammatory disease|Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)]]
*History of [[HIV infection]]
*Use of an [[intrauterine device|intrauterine device (IUD)]]


You are more likely to develop this [[infection]] if you:
Common risk factors in the development of disseminate gonococcal infection include:<ref name=Arthritis-gonorrhea>Meador, Robert, and H. Ralph Schumacher. "Evaluating and treating patients with polyarthritis of recent onset." Hospital Physician 39 (2003): 37-45.</ref><ref name=Gono-pregnancy>WATRING, WATSON G., and DANIEL L. VAUGHN. "Gonococcemia in pregnancy." Obstetrics & Gynecology 48.4 (1976): 428-430.</ref><ref name="pmid16136359">{{cite journal| author=Phupong V, Sittisomwong T, Wisawasukmongchol W| title=Disseminated gonococcal infection during pregnancy. | journal=Arch Gynecol Obstet | year= 2005 | volume= 273 | issue= 3 | pages= 185-6 | pmid=16136359 | doi=10.1007/s00404-005-0057-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16136359  }} </ref><ref name="pmid109025">{{cite journal| author=Petersen BH, Lee TJ, Snyderman R, Brooks GF| title=Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1979 | volume= 90 | issue= 6 | pages= 917-20 | pmid=109025 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=109025  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7993152">{{cite journal| author=Wise CM, Morris CR, Wasilauskas BL, Salzer WL| title=Gonococcal arthritis in an era of increasing penicillin resistance. Presentations and outcomes in 41 recent cases (1985-1991). | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1994 | volume= 154 | issue= 23 | pages= 2690-5 | pmid=7993152 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7993152  }} </ref>
*Have multiple sexual partners
*Recent [[menstruation]]
*Have a partner with a past history of any [[sexually transmitted disease]]
*[[Pregnancy]]  
*Do not use a [[condom]] during sex
*Immediate [[post-partum]] state
*Are a man who has sexual contact with another man
*Complement deficiencies (C5, C6, C7, or C8)
*Have a [[drug addiction]]
*Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2], Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of gonorrhea include sexual activity, multiple sex partners, previous history of sexually transmitted diseases, partner with a past history of any sexually transmitted disease, and failure to use a condom during sex.[1][2][3]

Risk factors

Any sexually active person can become infected with gonorrhea. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are observed among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African-Americans. Common risk factors for the development of gonococcal infection include:[1][2][3][4]

Common risk factors in the development of disseminate gonococcal infection include:[5][6][7][8][9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, Boyer CB, Brooks GF, Bolan G (1998). "Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992". J Infect Dis. 177 (6): 1766–9. PMID 9607868.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm Accessed September 20, 2016
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ, Hadgu A (1997). "Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria for general clinical use". Am J Public Health. 87 (9): 1535–8. PMC 1380985. PMID 9314811.
  4. ↑ Hook EW, Reichart CA, Upchurch DM, Ray P, Celentano D, Quinn TC (1992). "Comparative behavioral epidemiology of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among patients attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic". Am J Epidemiol. 136 (6): 662–72. PMID 1442733.
  5. ↑ Meador, Robert, and H. Ralph Schumacher. "Evaluating and treating patients with polyarthritis of recent onset." Hospital Physician 39 (2003): 37-45.
  6. ↑ WATRING, WATSON G., and DANIEL L. VAUGHN. "Gonococcemia in pregnancy." Obstetrics & Gynecology 48.4 (1976): 428-430.
  7. ↑ Phupong V, Sittisomwong T, Wisawasukmongchol W (2005). "Disseminated gonococcal infection during pregnancy". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 273 (3): 185–6. doi:10.1007/s00404-005-0057-3. PMID 16136359.
  8. ↑ Petersen BH, Lee TJ, Snyderman R, Brooks GF (1979). "Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency". Ann Intern Med. 90 (6): 917–20. PMID 109025.
  9. ↑ Wise CM, Morris CR, Wasilauskas BL, Salzer WL (1994). "Gonococcal arthritis in an era of increasing penicillin resistance. Presentations and outcomes in 41 recent cases (1985-1991)". Arch Intern Med. 154 (23): 2690–5. PMID 7993152.


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