Gonorrhea historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]; Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [3]
Overview
- Gonorrhea is an ancient disease with Biblical Testament references. However, the exact time of onset of gonorrhea cannot be accurately determined from the historical record.[1] In 1879, gonorrhea was referred to as “the clap” by German bacteriologist Albert Neisser.[2] The first reliable antibiotic (sulfonamides) prove effective against gonorrhea in 1930s.[1]
Historical perspective
- Gonorrhea is an ancient disease with Biblical Testament references. However, the exact time of onset of gonorrhea cannot be accurately determined from the historical record.[1]
- In 1161, One of the first reliable notations occur in the Acts of the (English) Parliament by passing a law to reduce the spread of "...the perilous infirmity of burning." The symptoms described are consistent with, but not diagnostic of, gonorrhea.[3]
- In 1256, A similar decree was passed by Louis IX in France ti reduce the spread of similar symptoms were noted at the siege of Acre by Crusaders.[4]
- In 1378, the term “the clap” was first introduced and likely descended from the name of the old Parisian district (Les Clapiers) where prostitutes were housed.
- In 1879, gonorrhea was referred to as “the clap” by German bacteriologist Albert Neisser.[2]
Historical Perspective of Treatment
- Historically it has been suggested that thermotherapy, plant-based extracts (cubebs, copaiba), and metals (mercury and arsenic) were used as a treatment for gonorrhea.[1]
- Surgeons tools on board the recovered English warship the Mary Rose included a syringe that, according to some, was used to inject the mercury via the urinary meatus into any unfortunate crewman.[5]
- In the 19th century, Silver nitrate was one of the widely used drugs.
- In 1897, Silver nitrate was replaced by collodial silver after Arthur Eichengrün invented this type of silver which was marketed by Bayer.[6]
- In 1930s, the first reliable antibiotic (sulfonamides) prove effective against gonorrhea.[1]
- In the late 1960s, gonorrhea was showing resistance to penicillin by producing penicillinase enzyme.
- In the 1980s, strains of gonorrhea developing resistance to penicillin by other mechanism rather than making penicillinase.
- Since 1986, the United States Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) has been monitoring antibiotic resistance to gonorrhea.
- In 2010, that was claimed 27,000 samples per 100,000 gonorrhea samples were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, or some combination of these drugs.
- In 2011, gonorrhea resistance ceftriaxon was reported in Japan.[7]
- In 2012, the CDC updated its treatment guidelines and recommended combination therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Genco, Caroline Attardo. Neisseria: molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Horizon Scientific Press, 2010.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Unemo M, Shafer WM. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:587–613.
- ↑ W Sanger. History of Prostitution. NY, Harper, 1910.
- ↑ P. LaCroix. The History of Prostitution Vol. 2. NY, MacMillan, 1931
- ↑ Higgins, John (1587). The Mirror for Magistrates. as cited in the Oxford English Dictionary entry for "clap"
- ↑ Bender, Max. "Ueber neuere Antigonorrhoica (insbes. Argonin und Protargol)." Archives of Dermatological Research 43.1 (1898): 31-36.
- ↑ Ohnishi M, Golparian D, Shimuta K, Saika T, Hoshina S, Iwasaku K; et al. (2011). "Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gonorrhea?: detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 55 (7): 3538–45. doi:10.1128/AAC.00325-11. PMC 3122416. PMID 21576437.
- ↑ Center of Disease Control, Update to CDC's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a3.htm?s_cid=mm6131a3_w#box Accessed on September 9, 2016
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