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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)''' ('''GAD67'''), also known as '''GAD1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GAD1 glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2571| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
This [[gene]] encodes one of several forms of [[glutamic acid decarboxylase]], identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The [[enzyme]] encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of [[gamma-aminobutyric acid]] from [[L-glutamic acid]]. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the [[human]] [[pancreas]] since it has been identified as an autoantigen and an autoreactive [[T cell]] target in insulin-dependent [[diabetes]]. This gene may also play a role in the [[stiff man syndrome]]. Deficiency in this enzyme has been shown to lead to [[pyridoxine]] dependency with seizures. [[Alternative splicing]] of this gene results in two products, the predominant 67-kD form and a less-frequent 25-kD form.<ref name="entrez" />
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_GAD1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 2okj.
| PDB = {{PDB2|2okj}}
| Name = Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)
| HGNCid = 4092
| Symbol = GAD1
| AltSymbols =; FLJ45882; GAD; SCP
| OMIM = 605363
| ECnumber =  4.1.1.15
| Homologene = 635
| MGIid = 95632
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_GAD1_205278_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_GAD1_206670_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_GAD1_206669_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004351 |text = glutamate decarboxylase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016829 |text = lyase activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005739 |text = mitochondrion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0012506 |text = vesicle membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030424 |text = axon}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045202 |text = synapse}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006540 |text = glutamate decarboxylation to succinate}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007268 |text = synaptic transmission}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0018352 |text = protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0019752 |text = carboxylic acid metabolic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042136 |text = neurotransmitter biosynthetic process}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2571
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000128683
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000808
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000817
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 2
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 171381318
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 171425907
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q99259
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 14415
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000070880
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_008077
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_032103
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 2
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 70363052
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 70402856
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TQ56
  }}
}}
'''Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)''', also known as '''GAD1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GAD1 glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2571| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Interactions ==
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text = This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantigen and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Deficiency in this enzyme has been shown to lead to pyridoxine dependency with seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two products, the predominant 67-kD form and a less-frequent 25-kD form.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GAD1 glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2571| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
GAD1 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[GAD2]].<ref name=pmid7836456>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dirkx R, Thomas A, Li L, Lernmark A, Sherwin RS, De Camilli P, Solimena M | title = Targeting of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase to intracellular organelles is mediated by its interaction with the NH2-terminal region of the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 5 | pages = 2241–6  | date = February 1995 | pmid = 7836456 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.5.2241 }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Glutamate decarboxylase]]
* [[Glutamate decarboxylase]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly CD, Edwards Y, Johnstone AP, Harfst E, Nógrádi A, Nussey SS, Povey S, Carter ND | title = Nucleotide sequence and chromosomal assignment of a cDNA encoding the large isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase | journal = Ann. Hum. Genet. | volume = 56 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 255–65 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1339255 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01150.x }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bu DF, Erlander MG, Hitz BC, Tillakaratne NJ, Kaufman DL, Wagner-McPherson CB, Evans GA, Tobin AJ | title = Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = 2115–9 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1549570 | pmc = 48607 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2115 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kelly CD, Edwards Y, Johnstone AP, ''et al.'' |title=Nucleotide sequence and chromosomal assignment of a cDNA encoding the large isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase. |journal=Ann. Hum. Genet. |volume=56 |issue= Pt 3 |pages= 255–65 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1339255 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Giorda R, Peakman M, Tan KC, Vergani D, Trucco M | title = Glutamic acid decarboxylase expression in islets and brain | journal = Lancet | volume = 338 | issue = 8780 | pages = 1469–70 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1683463 | doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92781-V }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bu DF, Erlander MG, Hitz BC, ''et al.'' |title=Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 6 |pages= 2115–9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1549570 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Persson H, Pelto-Huikko M, Metsis M, Söder O, Brene S, Skog S, Hökfelt T, Ritzén EM | title = Expression of the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase in male germ cells | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 4701–11 | year = 1990 | pmid = 1697032 | pmc = 361065 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Giorda R, Peakman M, Tan KC, ''et al.'' |title=Glutamic acid decarboxylase expression in islets and brain. |journal=Lancet |volume=338 |issue= 8780 |pages= 1469–70 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1683463 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cram DS, Barnett LD, Joseph JL, Harrison LC | title = Cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of human glutamic acid decarboxylase cDNA from brain and pancreatic islets | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 176 | issue = 3 | pages = 1239–44 | year = 1991 | pmid = 2039509 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(91)90418-7 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Persson H, Pelto-Huikko M, Metsis M, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase in male germ cells. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=10 |issue= 9 |pages= 4701–11 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1697032 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dirkx R, Thomas A, Li L, Lernmark A, Sherwin RS, De Camilli P, Solimena M | title = Targeting of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase to intracellular organelles is mediated by its interaction with the NH2-terminal region of the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 5 | pages = 2241–6 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7836456 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.5.2241 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cram DS, Barnett LD, Joseph JL, Harrison LC |title=Cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of human glutamic acid decarboxylase cDNA from brain and pancreatic islets. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=176 |issue= 3 |pages= 1239–44 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2039509 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bu DF, Tobin AJ | title = The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD | journal = Genomics | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 222–8 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8088791 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1994.1246 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dirkx R, Thomas A, Li L, ''et al.'' |title=Targeting of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase to intracellular organelles is mediated by its interaction with the NH2-terminal region of the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 5 |pages= 2241–6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7836456 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashita K, Cram DS, Harrison LC | title = Molecular cloning of full-length glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 from human pancreas and islets | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 192 | issue = 3 | pages = 1347–52 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8507202 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1564 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bu DF, Tobin AJ |title=The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD. |journal=Genomics |volume=21 |issue= 1 |pages= 222–8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8088791 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1994.1246 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kawasaki E, Moriuchi R, Watanabe M, Saitoh K, Brunicardi FC, Watt PC, Yamaguchi T, Mullen Y, Akazawa S, Miyamoto T | title = Cloning and expression of large isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from human pancreatic islet | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 192 | issue = 3 | pages = 1353–9 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8507203 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1565 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yamashita K, Cram DS, Harrison LC |title=Molecular cloning of full-length glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 from human pancreas and islets. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 3 |pages= 1347–52 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8507202 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1564 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Asada H, Kawamura Y, Maruyama K, Kume H, Ding R, Ji FY, Kanbara N, Kuzume H, Sanbo M, Yagi T, Obata K | title = Mice lacking the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) maintain normal levels of GAD67 and GABA in their brains but are susceptible to seizures | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 229 | issue = 3 | pages = 891–5 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8954991 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1898 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kawasaki E, Moriuchi R, Watanabe M, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of large isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from human pancreatic islet. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 3 |pages= 1353–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8507203 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = McHale DP, Mitchell S, Bundey S, Moynihan L, Campbell DA, Woods CG, Lench NJ, Mueller RF, Markham AF | title = A gene for autosomal recessive symmetrical spastic cerebral palsy maps to chromosome 2q24-25 | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 526–32 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9973289 | pmc = 1377761 | doi = 10.1086/302237 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Asada H, Kawamura Y, Maruyama K, ''et al.'' |title=Mice lacking the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) maintain normal levels of GAD67 and GABA in their brains but are susceptible to seizures. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=229 |issue= 3 |pages= 891–5 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8954991 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chessler SD, Lernmark A | title = Alternative splicing of GAD67 results in the synthesis of a third form of glutamic-acid decarboxylase in human islets and other non-neural tissues | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 7 | pages = 5188–92 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10671565 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.7.5188 }}
*{{cite journal | author=McHale DP, Mitchell S, Bundey S, ''et al.'' |title=A gene for autosomal recessive symmetrical spastic cerebral palsy maps to chromosome 2q24-25. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=64 |issue= 2 |pages= 526–32 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9973289 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Luo J, Kaplitt MG, Fitzsimons HL, Zuzga DS, Liu Y, Oshinsky ML, During MJ | title = Subthalamic GAD gene therapy in a Parkinson's disease rat model | journal = Science | volume = 298 | issue = 5592 | pages = 425–9 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12376704 | doi = 10.1126/science.1074549 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chessler SD, Lernmark A |title=Alternative splicing of GAD67 results in the synthesis of a third form of glutamic-acid decarboxylase in human islets and other non-neural tissues. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 7 |pages= 5188–92 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10671565 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chessler SD, Hampe CS, Ortqvist E, Simonson WT, Bekris L | title = Immune reactivity to GAD25 in type 1 diabetes mellitus | journal = Autoimmunity | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 335–41 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12515288 | doi = 10.1080/0891693021000005402 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Luo J, Kaplitt MG, Fitzsimons HL, ''et al.'' |title=Subthalamic GAD gene therapy in a Parkinson's disease rat model. |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue= 5592 |pages= 425–9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12376704 |doi= 10.1126/science.1074549 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Demakova EV, Korobov VP, Lemkina LM | title = [Determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration and activity of glutamate decarboxylase in blood serum of patients with multiple sclerosis] | journal = Klin. Lab. Diagn. | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = 15–7 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12774663 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Flace P, Benagiano V, Lorusso L, Girolamo F, Rizzi A, Virgintino D, Roncali L, Ambrosi G | title = Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive large neuron types in the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex | journal = Anat. Embryol. | volume = 208 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–64 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15014985 | doi = 10.1007/s00429-003-0374-x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chessler SD, Hampe CS, Ortqvist E, ''et al.'' |title=Immune reactivity to GAD25 in type 1 diabetes mellitus. |journal=Autoimmunity |volume=35 |issue= 5 |pages= 335–41 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12515288 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = De Luca V, Muglia P, Masellis M, Jane Dalton E, Wong GW, Kennedy JL | title = Polymorphisms in glutamate decarboxylase genes: analysis in schizophrenia | journal = Psychiatr. Genet. | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–42 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15091314 | doi = 10.1097/00041444-200403000-00006 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Demakova EV, Korobov VP, Lemkina LM |title=[Determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration and activity of glutamate decarboxylase in blood serum of patients with multiple sclerosis] |journal=Klin. Lab. Diagn. |volume= |issue= 4 |pages= 15–7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12774663 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kanno K, Suzuki Y, Yamada A, Aoki Y, Kure S, Matsubara Y | title = Association between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 gene in the Japanese population | journal = Am. J. Med. Genet. A | volume = 127A | issue = 1 | pages = 11–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15103710 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.a.20649 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Flace P, Benagiano V, Lorusso L, ''et al.'' |title=Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive large neuron types in the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex. |journal=Anat. Embryol. |volume=208 |issue= 1 |pages= 55–64 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15014985 |doi= 10.1007/s00429-003-0374-x }}
*{{cite journal  | author=De Luca V, Muglia P, Masellis M, ''et al.'' |title=Polymorphisms in glutamate decarboxylase genes: analysis in schizophrenia. |journal=Psychiatr. Genet. |volume=14 |issue= 1 |pages= 39–42 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15091314 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kanno K, Suzuki Y, Yamada A, ''et al.'' |title=Association between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 gene in the Japanese population. |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=127 |issue= 1 |pages= 11–6 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15103710 |doi= 10.1002/ajmg.a.20649 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=2571}}
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Latest revision as of 08:37, 31 August 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa) (GAD67), also known as GAD1, is a human gene.[1]

This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantigen and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Deficiency in this enzyme has been shown to lead to pyridoxine dependency with seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two products, the predominant 67-kD form and a less-frequent 25-kD form.[1]

Interactions

GAD1 has been shown to interact with GAD2.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: GAD1 glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)".
  2. ↑ Dirkx R, Thomas A, Li L, Lernmark A, Sherwin RS, De Camilli P, Solimena M (February 1995). "Targeting of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase to intracellular organelles is mediated by its interaction with the NH2-terminal region of the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2241–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.5.2241. PMID 7836456.

Further reading

  • Kelly CD, Edwards Y, Johnstone AP, Harfst E, Nógrádi A, Nussey SS, Povey S, Carter ND (1992). "Nucleotide sequence and chromosomal assignment of a cDNA encoding the large isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase". Ann. Hum. Genet. 56 (Pt 3): 255–65. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01150.x. PMID 1339255.
  • Bu DF, Erlander MG, Hitz BC, Tillakaratne NJ, Kaufman DL, Wagner-McPherson CB, Evans GA, Tobin AJ (1992). "Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (6): 2115–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.6.2115. PMC 48607. PMID 1549570.
  • Giorda R, Peakman M, Tan KC, Vergani D, Trucco M (1991). "Glutamic acid decarboxylase expression in islets and brain". Lancet. 338 (8780): 1469–70. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92781-V. PMID 1683463.
  • Persson H, Pelto-Huikko M, Metsis M, Söder O, Brene S, Skog S, Hökfelt T, Ritzén EM (1990). "Expression of the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase in male germ cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (9): 4701–11. PMC 361065. PMID 1697032.
  • Cram DS, Barnett LD, Joseph JL, Harrison LC (1991). "Cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of human glutamic acid decarboxylase cDNA from brain and pancreatic islets". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176 (3): 1239–44. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(91)90418-7. PMID 2039509.
  • Dirkx R, Thomas A, Li L, Lernmark A, Sherwin RS, De Camilli P, Solimena M (1995). "Targeting of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase to intracellular organelles is mediated by its interaction with the NH2-terminal region of the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2241–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.5.2241. PMID 7836456.
  • Bu DF, Tobin AJ (1994). "The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD". Genomics. 21 (1): 222–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1246. PMID 8088791.
  • Yamashita K, Cram DS, Harrison LC (1993). "Molecular cloning of full-length glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 from human pancreas and islets". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192 (3): 1347–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1564. PMID 8507202.
  • Kawasaki E, Moriuchi R, Watanabe M, Saitoh K, Brunicardi FC, Watt PC, Yamaguchi T, Mullen Y, Akazawa S, Miyamoto T (1993). "Cloning and expression of large isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from human pancreatic islet". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192 (3): 1353–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1565. PMID 8507203.
  • Asada H, Kawamura Y, Maruyama K, Kume H, Ding R, Ji FY, Kanbara N, Kuzume H, Sanbo M, Yagi T, Obata K (1996). "Mice lacking the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) maintain normal levels of GAD67 and GABA in their brains but are susceptible to seizures". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229 (3): 891–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1898. PMID 8954991.
  • McHale DP, Mitchell S, Bundey S, Moynihan L, Campbell DA, Woods CG, Lench NJ, Mueller RF, Markham AF (1999). "A gene for autosomal recessive symmetrical spastic cerebral palsy maps to chromosome 2q24-25". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64 (2): 526–32. doi:10.1086/302237. PMC 1377761. PMID 9973289.
  • Chessler SD, Lernmark A (2000). "Alternative splicing of GAD67 results in the synthesis of a third form of glutamic-acid decarboxylase in human islets and other non-neural tissues". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (7): 5188–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.7.5188. PMID 10671565.
  • Luo J, Kaplitt MG, Fitzsimons HL, Zuzga DS, Liu Y, Oshinsky ML, During MJ (2002). "Subthalamic GAD gene therapy in a Parkinson's disease rat model". Science. 298 (5592): 425–9. doi:10.1126/science.1074549. PMID 12376704.
  • Chessler SD, Hampe CS, Ortqvist E, Simonson WT, Bekris L (2002). "Immune reactivity to GAD25 in type 1 diabetes mellitus". Autoimmunity. 35 (5): 335–41. doi:10.1080/0891693021000005402. PMID 12515288.
  • Demakova EV, Korobov VP, Lemkina LM (2003). "[Determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration and activity of glutamate decarboxylase in blood serum of patients with multiple sclerosis]". Klin. Lab. Diagn. (4): 15–7. PMID 12774663.
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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