Endometrial hyperplasia historical perspective
|
Endometrial hyperplasia Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Endometrial hyperplasia historical perspective On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Endometrial hyperplasia historical perspective |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Endometrial hyperplasia historical perspective |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Badria Munir M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- The earliest descriptions of endometrial cancer were reported in the early 1900s.
- The association between estrogen and development of endometrial cancer was first reported in the 1970s when the incidence of endometrial cancer significantly increased between 1970 and 1975 following the introduction of estrogen replacement therapy.[1]
- Surgical staging of endometrial cancer was first suggested in 1988 and was later revised in 2009.[2]
- The first laparoscopic hysterectomy was reported in 1992.[3]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
The current use of estrogen therapy (ET) and estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) is the product of approximately 100 years of research and 75 years of clinical practice. The history of estrogen use began in the early 1900s, when ovarian extracts were popular for treating dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea.1 Researchers isolated an ovarian extract that regularly caused estrus in animals in 1923 and evaluated the impact of ovarian extracts on menopausal symptoms in the late 1920s.2, 3 By 1928, the first commercially available injectable estrogen was developed.1, 4 In 1942, Ayerst Laboratories launched the first orally active estrogen, Premarin (conjugated estrogens), in the United States.5
Since the 1940s, findings from a series of studies have had substantial effects on how ET is used. For example, in the mid-1970s, researchers recognized the association between unopposed ET and endometrial cancer in women with an intact uterus.6, 7 These studies prompted the routine use of combination EPT in women who had not undergone hysterectomy. In the following decades, some evidence also indicated that long-term ET/EPT use was associated with a small increase in the risk of breast cancer.8 Accumulating evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of ET/EPT on reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture and coronary heart disease (CHD) suggested that these benefits outweighed the possible increase in the risk of breast cancer associated with ET/EPT.9, 10, 11, 12, 13 As a result, by the 1990s, ET/EPT was prescribed for the prevention of chronic conditions and the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
However, in 2002, the EPT arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was prematurely halted because of small increases in the risk of breast cancer and CHD, risks that led the study's data safety and monitoring board to conclude that the risk of EPT use outweighed its benefits in the study population.14 Then, in 2004, the ET arm of the WHI was also prematurely discontinued, reporting that ET had no effect on CHD risk and increased the risk of stroke and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in this population.15[4][5]
Two of the most obvious implications of these data relate to the recommended dose and duration of ET/EPT, which have evolved considerably since the introduction of the therapies. For example, until the mid-1970s, daily dosages of conjugated estrogens (CE) of 1.25 mg and even 2.5 mg were common.16 Today, recommended dosages of CE are as low as 0.3 mg/d. Moreover, in the 1980s and 1990s, ET/EPT was recommended for long-term use in most women. Today, guidelines recommend limiting the use of ET/EPT to the shortest duration consistent with the individual's treatment goals.17, 18 Because changes in these recommendations are likely to have a significant impact on the treatment of menopausal women, it is important to understand the evidence underlying these recommendations and to consider whether these recommendations are appropriate for all menopausal women. [6][7][8][9]
Impact on Cultural History
Famous Cases
The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:
References
- ↑ Jick H, Walker AM, Rothman KJ (1980). "The epidemic of endometrial cancer: a commentary". Am J Public Health. 70 (3): 264–7. PMC 1619376. PMID 7356090.
- ↑ Creasman W (2009). "Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the endometrium". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 105 (2): 109. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.02.010. PMID 19345353.
- ↑ Childers JM, Surwit EA (1992). "Combined laparoscopic and vaginal surgery for the management of two cases of stage I endometrial cancer". Gynecol Oncol. 45 (1): 46–51. PMID 1534780.
- ↑ Brucker C (August 2001). "Controlled trial with a monthly combination injectable contraceptive in Europe". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 15 Suppl 3: 11–4. PMID 11570312.
- ↑ Smith DC, Prentice R, Thompson DJ, Herrmann WL (December 1975). "Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (23): 1164–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM197512042932302. PMID 1186789.
- ↑ Davis SR, Dinatale I, Rivera-Woll L, Davison S (May 2005). "Postmenopausal hormone therapy: from monkey glands to transdermal patches". J. Endocrinol. 185 (2): 207–22. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05847. PMID 15845914.
- ↑ Ettinger B (January 1998). "Overview of estrogen replacement therapy: a historical perspective". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217 (1): 2–5. PMID 9421200.
- ↑ Ziel HK, Finkle WD (December 1975). "Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens". N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (23): 1167–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM197512042932303. PMID 171569.
- ↑ Weiss NS, Ure CL, Ballard JH, Williams AR, Daling JR (November 1980). "Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen". N. Engl. J. Med. 303 (21): 1195–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198011203032102. PMID 7421945.