Diphtheria epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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*Developing countries of which Diphtheria is endemic to include Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, and many others in Asia, the South Pacific, Middle East, Haiti, Dominical Republic, South America, and Eastern Europe.<ref name="urlDiphtheria - Chapter 3 - 2016 Yellow Book | Travelers Health | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/diphtheria#1932 |title=Diphtheria - Chapter 3 - 2016 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | *Developing countries of which Diphtheria is endemic to include Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, and many others in Asia, the South Pacific, Middle East, Haiti, Dominical Republic, South America, and Eastern Europe.<ref name="urlDiphtheria - Chapter 3 - 2016 Yellow Book | Travelers Health | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/diphtheria#1932 |title=Diphtheria - Chapter 3 - 2016 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
**A diphtheria resurgence occurred in former Soviet states that comprise present day Eastern Europe, spreading past Europe into Asia and the Middle East.<ref name="pmid7489783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galazka AM, Robertson SE, Oblapenko GP |title=Resurgence of diphtheria |journal=Eur. J. Epidemiol. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=95–105 |year=1995 |pmid=7489783 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **A diphtheria resurgence occurred in former Soviet states that comprise present day Eastern Europe, spreading past Europe into Asia and the Middle East.<ref name="pmid7489783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galazka AM, Robertson SE, Oblapenko GP |title=Resurgence of diphtheria |journal=Eur. J. Epidemiol. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=95–105 |year=1995 |pmid=7489783 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
***By 1998, there were an estimated 200,000 cases in Eastern Europe, with 5,000 fatal incidences.<ref name="urlCurrent Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Human and Animal ... - Google Books">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HN_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=1998,(according+to+Red+Cross+estimates),+there+were+as+many+as+200,000+cases+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States,+with+approximately+5,000+deaths&source=bl&ots=t9TiMzRnRU&sig=G5XmK2scw9Q88BGg3AeueTDLEyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU2ceostPPAhXFcz4KHemGANkQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=1998%2C(according%20to%20Red%20Cross%20estimates)%2C%20there%20were%20as%20many%20as%20200%2C000%20cases%20in%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Independent%20States%2C%20with%20approximately%205%2C000%20deaths&f=false |title=Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Human and Animal ... - Google Books |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**Outbreaks in Haiti and the Dominican Republic led to a resurgence in the Americas, including a rare fatal case in the United States in 2003 involving a Pennsylvania resident returning from Haiti.<ref name="pmid14712177">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Fatal respiratory diphtheria in a U.S. traveler to Haiti--Pennsylvania, 2003 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=52 |issue=53 |pages=1285–6 |year=2004 |pmid=14712177 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **Outbreaks in Haiti and the Dominican Republic led to a resurgence in the Americas, including a rare fatal case in the United States in 2003 involving a Pennsylvania resident returning from Haiti.<ref name="pmid14712177">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Fatal respiratory diphtheria in a U.S. traveler to Haiti--Pennsylvania, 2003 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=52 |issue=53 |pages=1285–6 |year=2004 |pmid=14712177 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
[[Image:Diphterie.png|thumb|left|Diphtheria cases reported to the World Health Organization between 1997 and 2006 (see description for legend).]] | [[Image:Diphterie.png|thumb|left|Diphtheria cases reported to the World Health Organization between 1997 and 2006 (see description for legend).]] | ||
* Diphtheria is uncommon in industrialized countries because of longstanding routine use of DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine). ''' | * Diphtheria is uncommon in industrialized countries because of longstanding routine use of DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine). ''' | ||
'''Table 3-01. Countries with endemic diphtheria''' | '''Table 3-01. Countries with endemic diphtheria''' | ||
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===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
*Diphtheria is rare in developed, industrialized countries due to longstanding, widespread administration of [[TDaP]] [[vaccine]].<ref name="urlCurrent Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Human and Animal ... - Google Books">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HN_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=1998,(according+to+Red+Cross+estimates),+there+were+as+many+as+200,000+cases+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States,+with+approximately+5,000+deaths&source=bl&ots=t9TiMzRnRU&sig=G5XmK2scw9Q88BGg3AeueTDLEyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU2ceostPPAhXFcz4KHemGANkQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=1998%2C(according%20to%20Red%20Cross%20estimates)%2C%20there%20were%20as%20many%20as%20200%2C000%20cases%20in%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Independent%20States%2C%20with%20approximately%205%2C000%20deaths&f=false |title=Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Human and Animal ... - Google Books |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Revision as of 18:50, 11 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Diphtheria is found worldwide but is rare in the United States. Diphtheria causes significant illness and death in developing countries where vaccination coverage is low.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
Case Fatality Rate
- The overall annual case fatality rate for diptheria ranges between 5 and 10%.[3]
- The annual case fatality rates for patients that are younger than 5 or older than 40 years old tend to be higher, ranging up to 20%.
Age
- Diphtheria most commonly affects children under the age of 5 years old and without vaccination.[4]
- Individuals over 50 years old are particularly susceptible to diphtheria, particularly those over 70 years old, due to the higher probability of lacking vaccination.[5][6]
Gender
- There is evidence that women are more prone than men to diphtheria infection due to lower antitoxin responses to vaccination, requiring more frequent booster administrations.[7]
Race
There is no racial predisposition to diphtheria.
Developing Countries
- Diphtheria incidence is highest in developing countries due to lack of available vaccination.[8]
- Developing countries of which Diphtheria is endemic to include Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, and many others in Asia, the South Pacific, Middle East, Haiti, Dominical Republic, South America, and Eastern Europe.[9]
- A diphtheria resurgence occurred in former Soviet states that comprise present day Eastern Europe, spreading past Europe into Asia and the Middle East.[10]
- By 1998, there were an estimated 200,000 cases in Eastern Europe, with 5,000 fatal incidences.[11]
- Outbreaks in Haiti and the Dominican Republic led to a resurgence in the Americas, including a rare fatal case in the United States in 2003 involving a Pennsylvania resident returning from Haiti.[12]
- A diphtheria resurgence occurred in former Soviet states that comprise present day Eastern Europe, spreading past Europe into Asia and the Middle East.[10]
- Diphtheria is uncommon in industrialized countries because of longstanding routine use of DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine).
Table 3-01. Countries with endemic diphtheria
| REGION | COUNTRIES |
| Africa | Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, and other sub- Saharan countries |
| America | Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, and Paraguay |
| Asia/South Pacific | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam |
| Middle East | Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen |
| Europe | Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan |
Developed Countries
- Diphtheria is rare in developed, industrialized countries due to longstanding, widespread administration of TDaP vaccine.[11]
References
- ↑ "WHO World Health Organization: Immunization, Vaccines And Biologicals. Vaccine preventable diseases Vaccines monitoring system 2016 Global Summary Reference Time Series: DIPHTHERIA".
- ↑ "2015 World Population Data Sheet".
- ↑ "Diphtheria Infection | Home | CDC".
- ↑ "WHO | Diphtheria".
- ↑ Wagner KS, White JM, Crowcroft NS, De Martin S, Mann G, Efstratiou A (2010). "Diphtheria in the United Kingdom, 1986-2008: the increasing role of Corynebacterium ulcerans". Epidemiol. Infect. 138 (11): 1519–30. doi:10.1017/S0950268810001895. PMID 20696088.
- ↑ Wagner KS, White JM, Andrews NJ, Borrow R, Stanford E, Newton E, Pebody RG (2012). "Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009". Vaccine. 30 (49): 7111–7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.029. PMID 23022148.
- ↑ Hasselhorn HM, Nübling M, Tiller FW, Hofmann F (1997). "[Diphtheria booster immunization for adults]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 122 (10): 281–6. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1047609. PMID 9102270.
- ↑ "Pinkbook | Diphtheria | Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases | CDC".
- ↑ "Diphtheria - Chapter 3 - 2016 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC".
- ↑ Galazka AM, Robertson SE, Oblapenko GP (1995). "Resurgence of diphtheria". Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11 (1): 95–105. PMID 7489783.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Human and Animal ... - Google Books".
- ↑ "Fatal respiratory diphtheria in a U.S. traveler to Haiti--Pennsylvania, 2003". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 52 (53): 1285–6. 2004. PMID 14712177.
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