Chromoblastomycosis

Chromoblastomycosis
ICD-10	B43
ICD-9	117.2
DiseasesDB	29799
eMedicine	derm/855
MeSH	D002862

Chromoblastomycosis Microchapters
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Epidemiology and Demographics
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History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
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Case #1
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

Overview

Chromoblastomycosis is a long-term fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis). The infection occurs most commonly in tropical or subtropical climates, often in rural areas. It can be caused by many different type of fungi which become implanted under the skin, often by thorns or splinters. Chromoblastomycosis spreads very slowly; it is rarely fatal and usually has a good prognosis, but it can be very difficult to cure. There are several treatment options, including medication and surgery.

Features

The initial trauma causing the infection is often not noticed or forgotten. The infection builds at the site over a period of years, and a small red papule (skin elevation) appears. The lesion is usually not painful and there are few, if any symptoms. Patients rarely seek medical care at this point.

Several complications may occur. Usually, the infection slowly spreads to the surrounding tissue while still remaining localized to the area around the original wound. However, sometimes the fungi may spread through the blood vessels or lymph vessels, producing metastatic lesions at distant sites. Another possibility is secondary infection with bacteria. This may lead to lymph stasis (obstruction of the lymph vessels) and elephantiasis. The nodules may become ulcerated, or multiple nodules may grow and coalesce, affecting a large area of a limb.

Diagnosis

The most informative test is to scrape the lesion and add potassium hydroxide (KOH), then examine under a microscope. (KOH scrapings are commonly used to examine fungal infections.) The pathognomonic finding is observing Medlar bodies, sclerotic cells. Scrapings from the lesion can also be cultured to identify the organism involved. Blood tests and imaging studies are not commonly used.

Physical Examination

Skin

Extremities

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

Trunk

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  Chromomycosis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

Pathophysiology

Chromoblastomycosis is believed to originate in minor trauma to the skin, usually from vegetative material such as thorns or splinters; this trauma implants fungi in the subcutaneous tissue. In many cases the patient will not notice or remember the initial trauma, as symptoms often do not appear for years. The fungi most commonly observed to cause chromoblastomycosis are Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladosporium carrionii, and Fonsecaea compacta.

Over months to years, an erythematous papule appears at the site of inoculation. Although the mycosis slowly spreads, it usually remains localized to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hematogenous and/or lymphatic spread may occur. Multiple nodules may appear on the same limb, sometimes coalescing into a large plaque. Secondary bacterial infection may occur, sometimes inducing lymphatic obstruction. The central portion of the lesion may heal, producing a scar, or it may ulcerate.

Treatment

Chromoblastomycosis is very difficult to cure. There are two primary treatments of choice. Itraconazole, an antifungal azole, is given orally, with or without flucytosine (5-FC). Alternatively, cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen has also been shown to be effective. Other treatment options are the antifungal drug terbinafine, an experimental drug posaconazole, and heat therapy. Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial superinfections.

Antimicrobial regimen

• Chromoblastomycosis

• 1. If lesions small and few

• surgical excision or cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen.

• 2. If lesions chronic, extensive, burrowing

• Preferred regimen: Itraconazole 200-400 mg PO q24h OR 400 mg pulse therapy once daily for 1 week monthly for 6-12 months

Prognosis

The prognosis for chromoblastomycosis is very good for small lesions. Severe cases are difficult to cure, although the prognosis is still quite good. The primary complications are ulceration, lymphedema, and secondary bacterial infection. There have been a few cases reported of malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. Chromoblastomycosis is very rarely fatal.

Prevention

There is no known preventative measure aside from avoiding the traumatic inoculation of fungi. At least one study found a correlation between walking barefoot in endemic areas and occurrence of chromoblastomycosis on the foot.

Epidemiology

Chromoblastomycosis occurs around the world, but is most common in rural areas between approximately 30° N and 30° S latitude. Madagascar and Japan have the highest incidence. Over two thirds of patients are male, and usually between the ages of thirty and fifty. A correlation with HLA-A29 suggests that genetic factors may play a role as well.

Gallery

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  SEM reveals some of the ultrastructural morphology this pigmented, or dematiaceous mould, Xylohypha nigrescens, know to cause phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph of the dematiaceous, or dark colored fungi Fonsecaea pedrosoi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph of the dematiaceous, or dark colored fungi Fonsecaea pedrosoi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph of Cladophialophora carrionii (475X mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Petri dish culture plate inoculated with a culture of the fungal organism, Exserohilum rostratum, extracted from a foot lesion of a phaeohyphomycosis patient. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Histopathologic changes associated with phaeohyphomycosis due to P. parasitica using methenamine silver stain. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Histopathologic changes associated with phaeohyphomycosis due to P. parasitica using H&E stain. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph depicts conidia-laden conidiophores of a Phialophora verrucosa fungal organism from a slide culture. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph depicts a conidia-laden conidiophore of a Phialophora verrucosa fungal organism from a slide culture. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph prepared with gomori staining technique reveals histopathologic changes indicative of the presence of the dematiaceous fungal organism, Phialophora parasitica, a known causative agent for chromoblastomycosis (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Gridley-stained photomicrograph reveals histopathologic changes, indicative of the chronic fungal disease process known as chromoblastomycosis, or chromomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph reveals morphologic details displayed by the fungal organism, Phialophora parasitica, which is known to be a cause of chromoblastomycosis (1125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology exhibited by a cluster of Phialophora parasitica fungal conidia (1125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by the dematiaceous filamentous fungus, Phialophora richardsiae (1125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Photomicrograph revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by the dematiaceous filamentous fungus, Phialophora richardsiae (1125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Pathologic changes in a Brazilian patient’s right hand after having been infected by what was determined to be Phialophora verrucosa fungal organisms. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

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  Histopathologic changes, which were indicative of the chronic fungal disease process known as chromoblastomycosis, or chromomycosis (1188x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).

References

• Bennet, John E. (2001). Miscellaneous Mycoses and Algal Infections. In Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, & J. Larry Jameson (Eds.), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (15th Edition), p. 1180. New York: McGraw-Hill

• Castro, Luiz Guilherme M.; Scwartz, Robert A.; & Baran, Eugenusz (May 20, 2003). "Chromoblastomycosis." eMedicine.

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case#1

Related Chapters

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