Azurocidin 1: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Azurocidin''' also known as '''cationic antimicrobial protein CAP37''' or '''heparin-binding protein''' (HBP) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''AZU1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1919011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan JG, Sukiennicki T, Pereira HA, Spitznagel JK, Guerra ME, Larrick JW | title = Cloning of the cDNA for the serine protease homolog CAP37/azurocidin, a microbicidal and chemotactic protein from human granulocytes | journal = J Immunol | volume = 147 | issue = 9 | pages = 3210–4 |date=Nov 1991 | pmid = 1919011 | pmc = | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AZU1 azurocidin 1 (cationic antimicrobial protein 37)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=566| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_AZU1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1a7s.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1a7s}}, {{PDB2|1ae5}}, {{PDB2|1fy1}}, {{PDB2|1fy3}}
| Name = Azurocidin 1 (cationic antimicrobial protein 37)
| HGNCid = 913
| Symbol = AZU1
| AltSymbols =; AZAMP; AZU; CAP37; HBP; HUMAZUR; NAZC
| OMIM = 162815
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 74404
| MGIid = 
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_AZU1_214575_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004252 |text = serine-type endopeptidase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008201 |text = heparin binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015643 |text = toxin binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005576 |text = extracellular region}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042582 |text = azurophil granule}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001774 |text = microglial cell activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006508 |text = proteolysis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006916 |text = anti-apoptosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006935 |text = chemotaxis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006954 |text = inflammatory response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007205 |text = protein kinase C activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008347 |text = glial cell migration}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042117 |text = monocyte activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042535 |text = positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043114 |text = regulation of vascular permeability}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045123 |text = cellular extravasation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045348 |text = positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045785 |text = positive regulation of cell adhesion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048246 |text = macrophage chemotaxis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050725 |text = positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050754 |text = positive regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050766 |text = positive regulation of phagocytosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050829 |text = defense response to Gram-negative bacterium}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050930 |text = induction of positive chemotaxis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 566
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000172232
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001691
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001700
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 19
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 776097
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 783017
    | Hs_Uniprot = P20160
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 
    | Mm_Ensembl = 
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = 
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
'''Azurocidin 1 (cationic antimicrobial protein 37)''', also known as '''AZU1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AZU1 azurocidin 1 (cationic antimicrobial protein 37)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=566| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
[[Azurophil granule]]s, specialized [[lysosome]]s of the [[neutrophil]], contain at least 10 proteins implicated in the killing of microorganisms. The protein encoded by this gene is an azurophil granule antibiotic protein, with monocyte chemotactic and antibacterial activity. It is also an important multifunctional inflammatory mediator. This encoded protein is a member of the serine protease gene family but it is not a serine proteinase, because the active site serine and histidine residues are replaced. The genes encoding this protein, neutrophil elastase 2, and proteinase 3 are in a cluster located at chromosome 19pter. All 3 genes are expressed coordinately and their protein products are packaged together into azurophil granules during neutrophil differentiation.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
== Clinical significance ==
| summary_text = Azurophil granules, specialized lysosomes of the neutrophil, contain at least 10 proteins implicated in the killing of microorganisms. The protein encoded by this gene is an azurophil granule antibiotic protein, with monocyte chemotactic and antibacterial activity. It is also an important multifunctional inflammatory mediator. This encoded protein is a member of the serine protease gene family but it is not a serine proteinase, because the active site serine and histidine residues are replaced. The genes encoding this protein, neutrophil elastase 2, and proteinase 3 are in a cluster located at chromosome 19pter. All 3 genes are expressed coordinately and their protein products are packaged together into azurophil granules during neutrophil differentiation.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AZU1 azurocidin 1 (cationic antimicrobial protein 37)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=566| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
In patients with fever, high plasma levels of HBP indicates that the patient is at high risk of developing [[sepsis]] with [[circulatory collapse]].<ref name="pmid19725785">{{cite journal | vauthors = Linder A, Christensson B, Herwald H, Björck L, Akesson P | title = Heparin-binding protein: an early marker of circulatory failure in sepsis | journal = Clin. Infect. Dis. | volume = 49 | issue = 7 | pages = 1044–50 |date=October 2009 | pmid = 19725785 | doi = 10.1086/605563 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* {{UCSC gene info|AZU1}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Morgan JG, Pereira HA, Sukiennicki T |title=Human neutrophil granule cationic protein CAP37 is a specific macrophage chemotaxin that shares homology with inflammatory proteinases. |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=305 |issue=  |pages= 89–96 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1755383 |doi=  10.1007/978-1-4684-6009-4_11|display-authors=etal}}
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | author=Watorek W |title=Azurocidin -- inactive serine proteinase homolog acting as a multifunctional inflammatory mediator. |journal=Acta Biochim. Pol. |volume=50 |issue= 3 |pages= 743–52 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14515154 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Morgan JG, Pereira HA, Sukiennicki T, ''et al.'' |title=Human neutrophil granule cationic protein CAP37 is a specific macrophage chemotaxin that shares homology with inflammatory proteinases. |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=305 |issue=  |pages= 89-96 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1755383 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Zimmer M, Medcalf RL, Fink TM |title=Three human elastase-like genes coordinately expressed in the myelomonocyte lineage are organized as a single genetic locus on 19pter. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 17 |pages= 8215–9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1518849 |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.17.8215  | pmc=49888 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Watorek W |title=Azurocidin -- inactive serine proteinase homolog acting as a multifunctional inflammatory mediator. |journal=Acta Biochim. Pol. |volume=50 |issue= 3 |pages= 743-52 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14515154 |doi= 035003743 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Green BG, Weston H, Ashe BM |title=PMN elastases: a comparison of the specificity of human isozymes and the enzyme from other species toward substrates and inhibitors. |journal=Arch. Biochem. Biophys. |volume=286 |issue= 1 |pages= 284–92 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1897955 |doi=10.1016/0003-9861(91)90042-H  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Zimmer M, Medcalf RL, Fink TM, ''et al.'' |title=Three human elastase-like genes coordinately expressed in the myelomonocyte lineage are organized as a single genetic locus on 19pter. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 17 |pages= 8215-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1518849 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Flodgaard H, Ostergaard E, Bayne S |title=Covalent structure of two novel neutrophile leucocyte-derived proteins of porcine and human origin. Neutrophile elastase homologues with strong monocyte and fibroblast chemotactic activities. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=197 |issue= 2 |pages= 535–47 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2026172 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15942.x  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Green BG, Weston H, Ashe BM, ''et al.'' |title=PMN elastases: a comparison of the specificity of human isozymes and the enzyme from other species toward substrates and inhibitors. |journal=Arch. Biochem. Biophys. |volume=286 |issue= 1 |pages= 284-92 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1897955 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Almeida RP, Melchior M, Campanelli D |title=Complementary DNA sequence of human neutrophil azurocidin, an antibiotic with extensive homology to serine proteases. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=177 |issue= 2 |pages= 688–95 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2049091 |doi=10.1016/0006-291X(91)91843-2  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Morgan JG, Sukiennicki T, Pereira HA, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning of the cDNA for the serine protease homolog CAP37/azurocidin, a microbicidal and chemotactic protein from human granulocytes. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=147 |issue= 9 |pages= 3210-4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1919011 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Pohl J, Pereira HA, Martin NM, Spitznagel JK |title=Amino acid sequence of CAP37, a human neutrophil granule-derived antibacterial and monocyte-specific chemotactic glycoprotein structurally similar to neutrophil elastase. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=272 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 200–4 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2226832 |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(90)80484-Z }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Flodgaard H, Ostergaard E, Bayne S, ''et al.'' |title=Covalent structure of two novel neutrophile leucocyte-derived proteins of porcine and human origin. Neutrophile elastase homologues with strong monocyte and fibroblast chemotactic activities. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=197 |issue= 2 |pages= 535-47 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2026172 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Campanelli D, Detmers PA, Nathan CF, Gabay JE |title=Azurocidin and a homologous serine protease from neutrophils. Differential antimicrobial and proteolytic properties |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=85 |issue= 3 |pages= 904–15 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2312733 |doi=10.1172/JCI114518  | pmc=296509 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Almeida RP, Melchior M, Campanelli D, ''et al.'' |title=Complementary DNA sequence of human neutrophil azurocidin, an antibiotic with extensive homology to serine proteases. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=177 |issue= 2 |pages= 688-95 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2049091 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Pereira HA, Shafer WM, Pohl J |title=CAP37, a human neutrophil-derived chemotactic factor with monocyte specific activity |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=85 |issue= 5 |pages= 1468–76 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2332502 |doi=10.1172/JCI114593 | pmc=296594  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pohl J, Pereira HA, Martin NM, Spitznagel JK |title=Amino acid sequence of CAP37, a human neutrophil granule-derived antibacterial and monocyte-specific chemotactic glycoprotein structurally similar to neutrophil elastase. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=272 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 200-4 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2226832 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Wilde CG, Snable JL, Griffith JE, Scott RW |title=Characterization of two azurphil granule proteases with active-site homology to neutrophil elastase |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=265 |issue= 4 |pages= 2038–41 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2404977 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Campanelli D, Detmers PA, Nathan CF, Gabay JE |title=Azurocidin and a homologous serine protease from neutrophils. Differential antimicrobial and proteolytic properties. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=85 |issue= 3 |pages= 904-15 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2312733 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Pereira HA, Spitznagel JK, Pohl J |title=CAP 37, a 37 kD human neutrophil granule cationic protein shares homology with inflammatory proteinases |journal=Life Sci. |volume=46 |issue= 3 |pages= 189–96 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2406527 |doi=10.1016/0024-3205(90)90104-Y |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pereira HA, Shafer WM, Pohl J, ''et al.'' |title=CAP37, a human neutrophil-derived chemotactic factor with monocyte specific activity. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=85 |issue= 5 |pages= 1468-76 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2332502 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gabay JE, Scott RW, Campanelli D |title=Antibiotic proteins of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=86 |issue= 14 |pages= 5610–4 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2501794 |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.14.5610  | pmc=297672  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Wilde CG, Snable JL, Griffith JE, Scott RW |title=Characterization of two azurphil granule proteases with active-site homology to neutrophil elastase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=265 |issue= 4 |pages= 2038-41 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2404977 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Pereira HA, Erdem I, Pohl J, Spitznagel JK |title=Synthetic bactericidal peptide based on CAP37: a 37-kDa human neutrophil granule-associated cationic antimicrobial protein chemotactic for monocytes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 10 |pages= 4733–7 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8506327 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.10.4733  | pmc=46587  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pereira HA, Spitznagel JK, Pohl J, ''et al.'' |title=CAP 37, a 37 kD human neutrophil granule cationic protein shares homology with inflammatory proteinases. |journal=Life Sci. |volume=46 |issue= 3 |pages= 189-96 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2406527 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Chertov O, Michiel DF, Xu L |title=Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 6 |pages= 2935–40 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8621683 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.6.2935  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gabay JE, Scott RW, Campanelli D, ''et al.'' |title=Antibiotic proteins of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=86 |issue= 14 |pages= 5610-4 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2501794 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Iversen LF, Kastrup JS, Bjørn SE |title=Structure of HBP, a multifunctional protein with a serine proteinase fold |journal=Nat. Struct. Biol. |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 265–8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9095193 |doi=10.1038/nsb0497-265 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pereira HA, Erdem I, Pohl J, Spitznagel JK |title=Synthetic bactericidal peptide based on CAP37: a 37-kDa human neutrophil granule-associated cationic antimicrobial protein chemotactic for monocytes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 10 |pages= 4733-7 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8506327 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Karlsen S, Iversen LF, Larsen IK |title=Atomic resolution structure of human HBP/CAP37/azurocidin |journal=Acta Crystallogr. D |volume=54 |issue= Pt 4 |pages= 598–609 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9761855 |doi=10.1107/S0907444997016193 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Chertov O, Michiel DF, Xu L, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 6 |pages= 2935-40 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8621683 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Olofsson AM, Vestberg M, Herwald H |title=Heparin-binding protein targeted to mitochondrial compartments protects endothelial cells from apoptosis |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=104 |issue= 7 |pages= 885–94 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10510329 |doi=10.1172/JCI6671 | pmc=408551  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Iversen LF, Kastrup JS, Bjørn SE, ''et al.'' |title=Structure of HBP, a multifunctional protein with a serine proteinase fold. |journal=Nat. Struct. Biol. |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 265-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9095193 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Lindmark A, Garwicz D, Rasmussen PB |title=Characterization of the biosynthesis, processing, and sorting of human HBP/CAP37/azurocidin |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=66 |issue= 4 |pages= 634–43 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10534120 |doi=  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Karlsen S, Iversen LF, Larsen IK, ''et al.'' |title=Atomic resolution structure of human HBP/CAP37/azurocidin. |journal=Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. |volume=54 |issue= Pt 4 |pages= 598-609 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9761855 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Olofsson AM, Vestberg M, Herwald H, ''et al.'' |title=Heparin-binding protein targeted to mitochondrial compartments protects endothelial cells from apoptosis. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=104 |issue= 7 |pages= 885-94 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10510329 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Lindmark A, Garwicz D, Rasmussen PB, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of the biosynthesis, processing, and sorting of human HBP/CAP37/azurocidin. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=66 |issue= 4 |pages= 634-43 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10534120 |doi=  }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=566}}


{{protein-stub}}
{{gene-19-stub}}

Revision as of 01:48, 27 October 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Azurocidin also known as cationic antimicrobial protein CAP37 or heparin-binding protein (HBP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZU1 gene.[1][2]

Function

Azurophil granules, specialized lysosomes of the neutrophil, contain at least 10 proteins implicated in the killing of microorganisms. The protein encoded by this gene is an azurophil granule antibiotic protein, with monocyte chemotactic and antibacterial activity. It is also an important multifunctional inflammatory mediator. This encoded protein is a member of the serine protease gene family but it is not a serine proteinase, because the active site serine and histidine residues are replaced. The genes encoding this protein, neutrophil elastase 2, and proteinase 3 are in a cluster located at chromosome 19pter. All 3 genes are expressed coordinately and their protein products are packaged together into azurophil granules during neutrophil differentiation.[2]

Clinical significance

In patients with fever, high plasma levels of HBP indicates that the patient is at high risk of developing sepsis with circulatory collapse.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Morgan JG, Sukiennicki T, Pereira HA, Spitznagel JK, Guerra ME, Larrick JW (Nov 1991). "Cloning of the cDNA for the serine protease homolog CAP37/azurocidin, a microbicidal and chemotactic protein from human granulocytes". J Immunol. 147 (9): 3210–4. PMID 1919011.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: AZU1 azurocidin 1 (cationic antimicrobial protein 37)".
  3. ↑ Linder A, Christensson B, Herwald H, Björck L, Akesson P (October 2009). "Heparin-binding protein: an early marker of circulatory failure in sepsis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (7): 1044–50. doi:10.1086/605563. PMID 19725785.

External links

Further reading


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