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Most common risk factors for [[Acute diarrhea]] include: <ref name="pmid29083755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunn N, Gossman WG |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=29083755 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23804024">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D |title=Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008 |journal=MMWR Surveill Summ |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |year=2013 |pmid=23804024 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16319813">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=54 |issue=47 |pages=1201–5 |year=2005 |pmid=16319813 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28214721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P |title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016 |journal=Water Res. |volume=114 |issue= |pages=14–22 |year=2017 |pmid=28214721 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26111239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K |title=Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=20 |issue=24 |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=26111239 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15880088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niyogi SK |title=Shigellosis |journal=J. Microbiol. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=133–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15880088 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid29379258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P |title=Current views and challenges on clinical cholera |journal=Bioinformation |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=405–409 |year=2017 |pmid=29379258 |pmc=5767916 |doi=10.6026/97320630013405 |url=}}</ref>
Most common risk factors for [[Acute diarrhea]] include: <ref name="pmid29083755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunn N, Gossman WG |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=29083755 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23804024">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D |title=Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008 |journal=MMWR Surveill Summ |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |year=2013 |pmid=23804024 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16319813">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=54 |issue=47 |pages=1201–5 |year=2005 |pmid=16319813 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28214721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P |title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016 |journal=Water Res. |volume=114 |issue= |pages=14–22 |year=2017 |pmid=28214721 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26111239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K |title=Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=20 |issue=24 |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=26111239 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15880088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niyogi SK |title=Shigellosis |journal=J. Microbiol. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=133–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15880088 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid29379258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P |title=Current views and challenges on clinical cholera |journal=Bioinformation |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=405–409 |year=2017 |pmid=29379258 |pmc=5767916 |doi=10.6026/97320630013405 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Travel''':
*'''Travel''':
**Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]], Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
**'''Bacteria:''' Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]], Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
**Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
**'''Virus''': Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
**Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
**'''Parasites and Protozoans''': Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
*'''[[Epidemics]] and [[Outbreaks]]''':  
*'''[[Epidemics]] and [[Outbreaks]]''':  
**Bacterial :Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
**'''Bacterial:''' Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
**Viral :Noro virus, Rota virus.
** '''Virus:''' Noro virus, Rota virus.
**Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
**'''Protozoan:''' Example: Cryptosporidium
*'''Animal contact:''' Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
*'''Animal contact:''' Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
*'''Day care:''' Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.
*'''Day care:''' Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Risk factors

Most common risk factors for Acute diarrhea include: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

  • Travel:
    • Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
    • Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
    • Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
  • Epidemics and Outbreaks:
    • Bacterial: Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
    • Virus: Noro virus, Rota virus.
    • Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
  • Animal contact: Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
  • Day care: Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.
  • Poor sanitation and crowding
  • Water exposure: Swimming pools and Marine environment (Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
  • Food history:
    • Consumption of raw or undercooked meats,Fish, Canned foods, Raw eggs,Frozen food (Examples: Salmonella, STEC, Clostridium perfringens, L.monocytogenes)
  • Antibiotic use and Hospitalization:
    • Clostridium difficile
    • Drug side effects( eg: Broad spectrum antibiotics, Anti fungals, Immunosuppressants)
    • Ischemic colitis(initially acute then chronic)
  • Homosexual men
  • Immunosupression: HIV,CMV, Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium Avium complex, Medications, Transplant recipients.
  • Old age

References:

  1. ↑ Dunn N, Gossman WG. PMID 29083755. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D (2013). "Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008". MMWR Surveill Summ. 62 (2): 1–34. PMID 23804024.
  3. ↑ "Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54 (47): 1201–5. 2005. PMID 16319813.
  4. ↑ Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P (2017). "Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016". Water Res. 114: 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036. PMID 28214721.
  5. ↑ Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K (2015). "Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012". Euro Surveill. 20 (24). PMID 26111239.
  6. ↑ Niyogi SK (2005). "Shigellosis". J. Microbiol. 43 (2): 133–43. PMID 15880088.
  7. ↑ Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P (2017). "Current views and challenges on clinical cholera". Bioinformation. 13 (12): 405–409. doi:10.6026/97320630013405. PMC 5767916. PMID 29379258.
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