Congenital heart disease ACC/AHA guidelines for management of adults
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Keri Shafer, M.D. [4]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [5]
Overview
ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease.(DO NOT EDIT)[1]
Recommendations for Delivery of Care and Ensuring Access
Class I |
"1. The focus of current healthcare access goals for adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients should include the following:" |
"a. Strengthening organization of and access to transition clinics for adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), including funding of allied healthcare providers to provide infrastructure comparable to that provided for children with CHD. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"b. Organization of outreach and education programs for patients, their families, and caregivers to recapture patients leaving pediatric supervisory care or who are lost to follow-up. Such programs can determine when and where further intervention is required. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"c. Enhanced education of adult cardiovascular specialists and pediatric cardiologists in the pathophysiology and management of ACHD patients. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"d. A liaison with regulatory agencies at the local, regional, state, and federal levels to create programs commensurate with the needs of this large cardiovascular population. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"2. Health care for ACHD patients should be coordinated by regional ACHD centers of excellence that would serve as a resource for the surrounding medical community, affected individuals, and their families." |
"a. Every academic adult cardiology/cardiac surgery center should have access to a regional ACHD center for consultation and referral. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"b. Each pediatric cardiology program should identify the ACHD center to which the transfer of patients can be made. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"c. All emergency care facilities should have an affiliation with a regional ACHD center. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"3. ACHD patients should carry a complete medical "passport" that outlines specifics of their past and current medical history, as well as contact information for immediate access to data and counsel from local and regional centers of excellence. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"4. Care of some ACHD patients is complicated by additional special needs, including but not restricted to intellectual incapacities or psychosocial limitations that necessitate the inclusion of designated healthcare guardians in all medical decision making. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"5. Every ACHD patient should have a primary care physician. To ensure and improve communication, current clinical records should be on file with the primary care physician and a local cardiovascular specialist, as well as at a regional ACHD center; patients should also have copies of relevant records. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"6. Every cardiovascular family caregiver should have a referral relationship with a regional ACHD center so that all patients have geographically accessible care. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
Recommendations for Access to Care
Class I |
"1. An individual primary caregiver or cardiologist without specific training and expertise in ACHD should manage the care of adults with complex and moderate CHD only in collaboration with level 2 or level 3 ACHD specialists. (Child et al., 2001) (Level of Evidence: C) " |
"2. For ACHD patients in the lowest-risk group, cardiac follow-up at a regional ACHD center is recommended at least once to formulate future needs for follow-up. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"3. Frequent follow-up (generally every 12 to 24 months) at a regional ACHD center is recommended for the larger group of adults with complex and moderate CHD. A smaller group of adults with very complex CHD will require follow-up at a regional ACHD center at a minimum of every 6 to 12 months. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"4. Stabilized adult patients with CHD who require admission for urgent or acute care should be transferred to a regional ACHD center, except in some circumstances after consultation with the patient's primary level 2 or level 3 ACHD specialist. (Child et al., 2001) (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"5. Diagnostic and interventional procedures, including imaging (i.e., echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or computed tomography [CT]), advanced cardiac catheterization, and electrophysiology procedures for adults with complex and moderate CHD should be performed in a regional ACHD center with appropriate experience in CHD and in a laboratory with appropriate personnel and equipment. Personnel performing such procedures should work as part of a team with expertise in the surgical and transcatheter management of patients with CHD. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"6. Surgical procedures that require general anesthesia or conscious sedation in adults with moderate or complex CHD should be performed in a regional ACHD center with an anesthesiologist familiar with ACHD patients. (Level of Evidence: C) " |
"7. ACHD patients should be transferred to an ACHD center for urgent or acute care of cardiac problems. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"8. Adult patients with complex or high-risk CHD should be transferred to an ACHD center for urgent or acute noncardiac problems. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
"9. An ACHD specialist should be notified or consulted when a patient with simple or low-risk CHD is admitted to a non-ACHD center. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
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Recommendations for Psychosocial Issues Class I
Class I
Class IIa
Class III
Recommendations for Noncardiac Surgery Class I
Recommendations for Pregnancy and Contraception Class I
Class IIa
Class III
Recommendations for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Management Class I
Class IIa
Class IIb
Recommendations for Hematologic Problems Class I
Class III
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Recommendations for General Health Issues for Cyanotic Patients
Class I |
"1. Cyanotic patients should drink nonalcoholic and noncaffeinated fluids frequently on long-distance flights to avoid dehydration. (Level of Evidence: C) " |
Class IIb |
"1. Supplemental oxygenation may be considered for cyanotic patients during long-distance flights. " |
Recommendations for Heart and Heart/Lung Transplantation
Class I |
"1. Patients with CHD and heart failure who may require heart transplantation should be evaluated and managed in tertiary care centers with medical and surgical personnel with experience and expertise in the management of both CHD and heart transplantation. (Level of Evidence: C) " |
"2. Patients with CHD and heart or respiratory failure who may require lung or heart/lung transplantation should be evaluated and managed in tertiary care centers with medical and surgical personnel with experience and expertise in the management of CHD and lung or heart/lung transplantation. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
References
- ↑ Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA; et al. (2008). "ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 52 (23): e1–121. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001. PMID 19038677.