GSTA4

Glutathione S-transferase A4
PDB rendering based on 1gul.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: Template:Homologene2PDBe PDBe, Template:Homologene2uniprot RCSB List of PDB id codes 1gul​, 1gum​
Identifiers
Symbols	GSTA4 ; DKFZp686D21185; GSTA4-4; GTA4
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 HomoloGene: 55585
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Glutathione S-transferase A4, also known as GSTA4, is a human gene.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. These enzymes are involved in cellular defense against toxic, carcinogenic, and pharmacologically active electrophilic compounds. At present, eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. This gene encodes a glutathione S-tranferase belonging to the alpha class. The alpha class genes, which are located in a cluster on chromosome 6, are highly related and encode enzymes with glutathione peroxidase activity that function in the detoxification of lipid peroxidation products. Reactive electrophiles produced by oxidative metabolism have been linked to a number of degenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cataract formation, and atherosclerosis.

Further reading

• Ketterer B (2001). "A bird's eye view of the glutathione transferase field". Chem. Biol. Interact. 138 (1): 27–42. PMID 11640913.
• Hubatsch I, Ridderström M, Mannervik B (1998). "Human glutathione transferase A4-4: an alpha class enzyme with high catalytic efficiency in the conjugation of 4-hydroxynonenal and other genotoxic products of lipid peroxidation". Biochem. J. 330 ( Pt 1): 175–9. PMID 9461507.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Board PG (1998). "Identification of cDNAs encoding two human alpha class glutathione transferases (GSTA3 and GSTA4) and the heterologous expression of GSTA4-4". Biochem. J. 330 ( Pt 2): 827–31. PMID 9480897.
• Liu S, Stoesz SP, Pickett CB (1998). "Identification of a novel human glutathione S-transferase using bioinformatics". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 352 (2): 306–13. doi:10.1006/abbi.1998.0608. PMID 9587421.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Desmots F, Rauch C, Henry C; et al. (1999). "Genomic organization, 5'-flanking region and chromosomal localization of the human glutathione transferase A4 gene". Biochem. J. 336 ( Pt 2): 437–42. PMID 9820822.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bruns CM, Hubatsch I, Ridderström M; et al. (1999). "Human glutathione transferase A4-4 crystal structures and mutagenesis reveal the basis of high catalytic efficiency with toxic lipid peroxidation products". J. Mol. Biol. 288 (3): 427–39. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2697. PMID 10329152.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gardner JL, Gallagher EP (2001). "Development of a peptide antibody specific to human glutathione S-transferase alpha 4-4 (hGSTA4-4) reveals preferential localization in human liver mitochondria". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 390 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2352. PMID 11368510.
• Nilsson LO, Mannervik B (2001). "Improved heterologous expression of human glutathione transferase A4-4 by random silent mutagenesis of codons in the 5' region". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1528 (2–3): 101–6. PMID 11687296.
• Desmots F, Rissel M, Loyer P; et al. (2002). "Immunohistological analysis of glutathione transferase A4 distribution in several human tissues using a specific polyclonal antibody". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49 (12): 1573–80. PMID 11724905.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gustafsson A, Nilsson LO, Mannervik B (2002). "Hybridization of alpha class subunits generating a functional glutathione transferase A1-4 heterodimer". J. Mol. Biol. 316 (2): 395–406. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5345. PMID 11851347.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Desmots F, Rissel M, Gilot D; et al. (2002). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 and survival factor epidermal growth factor positively regulate the murine GSTA4 enzyme in hepatocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (20): 17892–900. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112351200. PMID 11884396.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gallagher EP, Gardner JL (2002). "Comparative expression of two alpha class glutathione S-transferases in human adult and prenatal liver tissues". Biochem. Pharmacol. 63 (11): 2025–36. PMID 12093480.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK; et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T; et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Engle MR, Singh SP, Czernik PJ; et al. (2004). "Physiological role of mGSTA4-4, a glutathione S-transferase metabolizing 4-hydroxynonenal: generation and analysis of mGsta4 null mouse". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 194 (3): 296–308. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.001. PMID 14761685.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA; et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Patrick B, Li J, Jeyabal PV; et al. (2005). "Depletion of 4-hydroxynonenal in hGSTA4-transfected HLE B-3 cells results in profound changes in gene expression". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 334 (2): 425–32. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.099. PMID 16005854.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Coppedè F, Armani C, Bidia DD; et al. (2005). "Molecular implications of the human glutathione transferase A-4 gene (hGSTA4) polymorphisms in neurodegenerative diseases". Mutat. Res. 579 (1–2): 107–14. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.020. PMID 16054170.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)