Hypernatremia
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Hypernatremia Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Hypernatremia On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypernatremia |
| Hypernatremia | |
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| Sodium | |
| ICD-10 | E87.0 |
| ICD-9 | 276.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 6266 |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Jack Khouri
Overview
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differential Diagnosis of Associated Disorders and Causes of Hypernatremia
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Burns, Excessive sweating |
| Drug Side Effect | diuretics |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Adrenal, Diabetes Insipidus, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Conn's Syndrome,Cushing's Syndrome, Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, Hyperaldosteronism, Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, Thyrotoxicosis |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Gastrointestinal losses (diarrhea, vomiting), inability to swallow water (physical limitation) |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Inappropriate IV fluids |
| Infectious Disease | Fever |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | Essential hypernatremia, Dementia, Coma, hypothalamic lesion, inability to recognize thirst for water |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | ingestion of large quantities of sodium (seawater), decreased protein intake |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Multiple Myeloma |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | Alcoholism |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Sarcoidosis, Hyperventilation |
| Renal / Electrolyte | High urea levels with renal failure, Hypercalcemia, Hypokalemia, Osmotic diuresis, Peritoneal dialysis,Diuresis phase of acute renal failure |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Sjogren's Syndrome |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Amyloidosis |
Diagnosis
Diagnosing the etiology of hypernatremia is essential. Symptoms, urine osmolarity and water deprivation studies are all helpful.
History and Symptoms
Symptoms
Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia can be subtle, consisting of lethargy, weakness, irritability, and edema. With more severe elevations of the sodium level, seizures and coma may occur.
Severe symptoms are usually due to acute elevation of the plasma sodium concentration to above 158 mEq/L, which corresponds to an osmolar gradient of 30-35 mEq/kg between plasma and brain. Beyond that level, the rapid reduction of brain volume can cause rupture of cerebral veins leading to intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Values above 180 mEq/L are associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in adults. However such high levels of sodium rarely occur without severe coexisting medical conditions.
To note that if hypernatremia progresses over more than 24 hours, the brain adapts rapidly to plasma hyperosmolarity by the intracellular accumulation of many osmolytes such as amino acids (eg, glutamate).
History
A detailed history is important for the diagnosis of the etiology of hypernatremia. It should mention any history of diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, Cushing's disease, neurologic disease, seizure disorder, malabsorptive disease and ingestion of excess sodium salts. Current diarrhea, burns, exercise (increased sweating), polyuria and polydypsia should be emphasized. Drug history should include diuretic use or ingestion of osmotic agents (eg, mannitol, lactulose).
Labs and Procedures
- Urine osmolarity is essential to differentiate renal from extrarenal water loss. A normal kidney would respond to hypernatremia by excreting a highly concentrated urinewith a urine osmolality >800 mosmol/kg.
- Urine osmolarity <300 mosm/kg is consistent with renal water losses due to diabetes insipidus (neurogenic vs nephrogenic).
- Urine osmolarity between 300 and 800 mosm/kg indicates partial diabetes insipidus or osmotic diuresis.
- Urine osmolarity >800 mosm/kg points out to insensible or GI losses, increased sodium ingestion or primary hypodypsia.
- The water deprivation test
- The objective of this test is to distinguish the origin of diabetes insipidus (DI).
- Desmopressin (AVP), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, is effective in patients with central DI.
- Upon AVP adminstration, patients will have different urine osmolarities depending on their DI etiology.
- Patients with central DI have intact kidney response to vasopressin and will have a substantial increase in urine osmolarity in response to water deprivation and desmopressin administrarion.
- Patients with nephrogenic DI have little or no increase in urine osmolarity in response to AVP.
- Patients with partial central DI show an increase in urine osmolarity of >10%.
Treatment
- The cornerstone of treatment is administration of free water to correct the relative water deficit. Water can be replaced orally or intravenously.
- Overly rapid correction of hypernatremia is potentially very dangerous. As we mentioned before, The body (in particular the brain) adapts to the higher sodium concentration. Rapidly lowering the sodium concentration with free water, once this adaptation has occurred, causes water to flow into brain cells and causes them to swell (cerebral edema). This can lead to cerebral edema, potentially resulting in seizures, permanent brain damage, or death. Central pontine myelinolysis can also occur with over rapid correction of the sodium which should be about 0.5 meq/l/hour and no more than 1 meq per hour. Significant hypernatremia should be treated carefully by a physician or other medical professional with experience in treatment of electrolyte imbalances.
- Free Water deficit (L)= 0.6 x (body weight(kg)) x ((plasma[Sodium]/140)-1)
- Central DI should be treated with desmopressin and drugs that increase vasopressin release eg Clofibrate.
- Nephrogenic DI can be treated with Thiazide diuretics, low salt and low protein diet.