Myocarditis physical examination

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Physical Examination

General appearance

Patients with mild cases of myocarditis may have a nontoxic appearance or simply may appear to have a viral syndrome. Patients with acute onset or advanced disease may present with signs of cardiac dysfunction.

Vital signs

• Hypotension (in left ventricular systolic dysfunction)
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Fever (infective cause)

Cardiac examination

• Jugular venous distension may be noted if the patient has cardiac dysfunction or failure
• Apical impulse may be displaced laterally which would be suggestive of enlargement of ventricles.
• Auscultation:
  • S₃ or occasionally summation gallop may be noted, particularly in significant biventricular dysfunction.
  • Tachycardia or arrhythmia
  • Mitral or tricuspid murmurs (holosystolic murmurs) may also be noted in the presence of significant ventricular dilation leading to regurgitant flow across AV valves.
  • Pericardial friction rub and low intensity heart sounds may be evident if pericardium is involved causing pericarditis and effusion respectively.

Respiratory examination

• Lung fields may be dull on purcussion in presence of infection, pulmonary edema or pleural effusion.
• Basilar crackles may be heard on auscultation, which may be suggestive of pulmonary edema.
• Decreased breath sounds may be noted in presence of pleural effusion.

Abdominal examination

Ascites may be noted in fluid overload states.

Extremities

Pedal edema may be noted in fluid overload states such as cardiac failure.

Cause specific findings

• Hypersensitive/eosinophilic myocarditis: Pruritic maculopapular rash
• Acute rheumatic fever: Components of Jones criteria such as erythema marginatum, polyarthralgia, chorea, subcutaneous nodules.