Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]

Overview

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.

Risk Factors

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:[1] , , , , , radiation exposure, infections ( HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni), previous cancer treatment, exposure to chemicals and drugs (pesticides,methotrexate,tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, trichloroethylene, cigarette smoking for ≥ 40 years, diet, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, hair dyes, occupational exposures (hairdresser, farmer), and breast implants.

Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Known risk factors Factors that Decrease risk
age (above 60 years)
ethnicity (Caucasians more than African and Asian Americans)
positive family history of first degree relative with non-Hodgkin lymphoma
weakened immune system ( gentic diseases like ataxia telangectasia or infection like HIV)
B-cell activating autoimmune disorders

A. Known risk factors

  • The likelihood of getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age and is more common in men than in women.

1. Weakened immune system

  • a. Congenital immune system damage
  • Inherited disorders
  • b. Acquired immune system damage
  • Acquired disorders
  • Immunosuppressant drugs for

2. Autoimmune disorders

  • Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  • Hashimotos thyroiditis
  • Linked with a higher risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma

3. Certain infections

  • Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 (HTLV-1)
  • Higher risk of developing some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Linked with a mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)

4. Previous cancer treatment

  • People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy
  • People who have been treated for cancer have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma for the rest of their lives
  • The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is greatest in the first 5 years after treatment

B. Possible risk factors

  • 1. Family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not generally considered to be familial, which means occurring in families more often than would be expected by chance
  • Higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, sister or child) who has been diagnosed with lymphoma
  • Exposure to certain pesticides, such as Agent Orange, may be linked with a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used mostly to remove grease from metal
  • Exposure to TCE may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • 4. Diet
  • Diets high in meat, dairy products and saturated fat may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Diets low in vegetables increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • 5. Obesity
  • 6. Hair dyes
  • Higher risk in people who used hair dye before 1980
  • Risk affects people who used permanent dyes with dark colors in particular
  • Risk may also be higher in hair dressers and barbers, who were exposed to the dye at work
  • 7. Occupational exposures
  • Farming
  • Rubber industry
  • Wood and forestry
  • Printing
  • Welding

References

  1. "Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma".

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