Liver abscess overview

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Abscess Main Page

Liver abscess Main Page

Overview

Causes

Classification

Pyogenic liver abscess
Amoebic liver abscess

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

A liver abscess is a pus-filled mass inside or attached to the liver. Common causes are an abdominal infection such as appendicitis or diverticulitis. With treatment, the death rate is 10-30%.[1]. Biliary tract disease is the most common cause but no cause identified in the majority of patients. There are nonspecific clinical findings hence a high degree of suspicion required for diagnosis. There are most often single, rather than multiple foci. Hyperbilirubinemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase in the majority of patients, but low specificity. E. coli is the most prevalent organism, followed by Klebsiella, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides species. Rare cause is bowel perforation following foreign body ingestion. Therapy for solitary liver abscess from causes other than bowel perforation is intravenous antibiotics and percutaneous US- or CT-guided drainage. Therapy for liver abscess caused by bowel perforation or foreign body is open surgical drainage. Amoebic liver abscess occurs in 94% of cases of amebiasis. Liver abscess is a relatively infrequent (1.7% according to Cho, D. et. al.), although possible, complication of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors.

Classification

Liver abscess may be classified into 3 types based on etiology into pyogenic, amoebic, and fungal liver abscess.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liver abscess
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amoebic liver abscess
 
 
 
 
Pyogenic liver abscess
 
 
 
 
Fungal abscess
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Entamoeba histolytica
 
 
 
 
Bacteria
 
 
 
 
Candida species
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gram-positive aerobes
 
 
 
 
Gram-negative enterics
 
 
 
 
Anaerobic organisms
 
 
 
Acid fast bacilli
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Streptococcus sp
Staphylococcus aureus / Staphylococcus epidermidis
Actinomyces sp
Enterococcus sp
Streptococcus milleri
 
 
 
 
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhi
Yersinia enterocolitica
K.pneumonia
Pseudomonas sp
Proteus sp
Eikenella corrodens
Others
 
 
 
 
Bacteroids sp
Fusobacterium
Anaerobic/ Microaerophilic streptococci
Other anaerobes
 
 
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Differential Diagnosis

The differential Diagnosis of liver abscess include:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Disease Causes symptoms Lab Findings Imaging Findings Other Findings
Fever Pain cough Hepatomegaly Jaundice Weight loss Anorexia Diarrhoea

or Dysentry

Nausea and

vomiting

Stool
Abdominal pain

(right upper quadrant pain)

Pleuritic pain
Amoebic

liver abscess

Entamoeba

histolytica

✔✔✔ ✔✔✔ ✔/✘ ✔✔/✘

(late stages)

(late stages)

Hypoalbuminemia

  • Respond well to chemotherapy and rarely require drainage
  • Marked male predominance
  • More common in developing countries
  • Sero-positive
  • Right lobe is more frequently involved
Pyogenic liver abscess Bacteria
  • Gram-positive aerobes
  • Gram-negative enterics
  • Anaerobic organisms
  • Acid fast bacilli
✔✔ ✔✔ ✔/✘ ✔✔✔

(acute loss)

Pale/dark Hypoalbuminemia

✔✔✔

  • Abnormal pulmonary findings
  • Diabetes mellitus increases the risk
  • Medical-surgical approach is indicated
  • More common in developed countries
  • Culture positive and sero-negative
  • Both lobes are commonly involved
Fungal liver abscess Candida species ✔/✘ CT and Us findings with four patterns of presentation:
  • Wheel-within-a-wheel pattern
  • Bull’s-eye configuration pattern
  • Uniformly hypoechoic nodule
  • echogenic foci with variable degrees of posterior acoustic shadowing
  • Less common
  • Pure fungal abscess or associated with pyogenic abscess
  • Candida and Aspergillus are commonly found in the culture of aspirated pus
  • Associated with underlying malignancy or DM
Echinococcal (hydatid) cyst Echinococcus granulosus

(Obstructive jaundice)

Histology: Hydatid cyst with three layers

a.The outer pericyst, which corresponds with compressed and fibrosed liver tissue

b.The endocyst, an inner germinal layer

c.The ectocyst, a thin, translucent interleaved membrane

Ultrasound:
  • Cystic to solid-appearing pseudotumors
  • Water lily sign
  • Calcifications seen peripherally
  • Blood or liquid from the ruptured cyst may be coughed up
  • Pruritis
Malignancy

(Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis)

  • Hepatitis B and C
  • Aflatoxins
  • Alcohol
  • Heamochromatosis
  • Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
  • Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

(uncommon)

Other symptoms:
  • Splenomegaly
  • Variceal bleeding
  • Ascites
  • Spider nevi
  • Asterixis
Hepatocellular adenoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hemangioma
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
Simple hepatic cyst
Biliary cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma
Polycystic liver disease

Treatment

References

  1. "'MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pyogenic liver abscess'".
  2. Lodhi S, Sarwari AR, Muzammil M, Salam A, Smego RA (2004). "Features distinguishing amoebic from pyogenic liver abscess: a review of 577 adult cases". Trop Med Int Health. 9 (6): 718–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01246.x. PMID 15189463.
  3. Barbour GL, Juniper K (1972). "A clinical comparison of amebic and pyogenic abscess of the liver in sixty-six patients". Am J Med. 53 (3): 323–34. PMID 5054724.
  4. Barnes PF, De Cock KM, Reynolds TN, Ralls PW (1987). "A comparison of amebic and pyogenic abscess of the liver". Medicine (Baltimore). 66 (6): 472–83. PMID 3316923.
  5. Conter RL, Pitt HA, Tompkins RK, Longmire WP (1986). "Differentiation of pyogenic from amebic hepatic abscesses". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 162 (2): 114–20. PMID 3945889.
  6. Lipsett PA, Huang CJ, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Pitt HA (1997). "Fungal hepatic abscesses: Characterization and management". J Gastrointest Surg. 1 (1): 78–84. PMID 9834333.
  7. Pastakia B, Shawker TH, Thaler M, O'Leary T, Pizzo PA (1988). "Hepatosplenic candidiasis: wheels within wheels". Radiology. 166 (2): 417–21. doi:10.1148/radiology.166.2.3275982. PMID 3275982.
  8. Mortelé KJ, Ros PR (2001). "Cystic focal liver lesions in the adult: differential CT and MR imaging features". Radiographics. 21 (4): 895–910. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl16895. PMID 11452064.
  9. Suwan Z (1995). "Sonographic findings in hydatid disease of the liver: comparison with other imaging methods". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 89 (3): 261–9. PMID 7668917.
  10. Esfahani F, Rooholamini SA, Vessal K (1988). "Ultrasonography of hepatic hydatid cysts: new diagnostic signs". J Ultrasound Med. 7 (8): 443–50. PMID 3047423.
  11. Niron EA, Ozer H (1981). "Ultrasound appearances of liver hydatid disease". Br J Radiol. 54 (640): 335–8. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-54-640-335. PMID 7225721.

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