Listeriosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]
Overview
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.[1] Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include immunosuppressed patients (e.g. transplant recipients, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, or patients with advanced diabetes, kidney / liver disease, or active malignancy), neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients.[2]
Risk Factors
Ingestion of Contaminated Food
The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:[1]
- Uncooked meats and vegetables
- Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
- Cooked or processed foods, including certain soft cheeses
- Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
- Smoked seafood
- Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.[3]
Higher Risk Cheese Type | Lower Risk Cheese type |
Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized (raw) milk, such as:
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High Risk Populations
Pregnant Women
- Pregnant women are approximately 10 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[4]
Hispanic Ethnicity
- Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[4]
- The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.
Neonates
- Neonates are at high risk of developing listerios.
- Transmission of Listeria to neonates occurs either in-utero or during delivery.
Elderly Individuals
- More than half (58%) of all Listeria infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
- Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[4]
Immnosuppression
- Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
- Immunosuppressed conditions include organ transplantation, active malignancy, administration of either steroids, chemotherapy, radiation, or monoclonal antibodies, advanced liver or kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or HIV/AIDS.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [1]
- ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (22): 448–52. 2013. PMID 23739339. Unknown parameter
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