DFFA

DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide
PDB rendering based on 1iyr.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: Template:Homologene2PDBe PDBe, Template:Homologene2uniprot RCSB List of PDB id codes 1iyr​, 1koy​
Identifiers
Symbols	DFFA ; DFF-45; DFF1; ICAD
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 3240
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide, also known as DFFA, is a human gene.

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

Further reading

• Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Sasaki M, Harada K (2000). "Destruction of bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis". Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology. 14 (4): 549–70. doi:10.1053/bega.2000.0103. PMID 10976014.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. PMID 8125298.
• Liu X, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (1997). "DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis". Cell. 89 (2): 175–84. PMID 9108473.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K; et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. PMID 9373149.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Enari M, Sakahira H, Yokoyama H; et al. (1998). "A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD". Nature. 391 (6662): 43–50. doi:10.1038/34112. PMID 9422506.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Leek JP, Carr IM, Bell SM; et al. (1998). "Assignment of the DNA fragmentation factor gene (DFFA) to human chromosome bands 1p36.3-->p36.2 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 79 (3–4): 212–3. PMID 9605855.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Liu X, Zou H, Widlak P; et al. (1999). "Activation of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease). Oligomerization and direct interaction with histone H1". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (20): 13836–40. PMID 10318789.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gu J, Dong RP, Zhang C; et al. (1999). "Functional interaction of DFF35 and DFF45 with caspase-activated DNA fragmentation nuclease DFF40". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (30): 20759–62. PMID 10409614.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Oh JJ, Grosshans DR, Wong SG, Slamon DJ (1999). "Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with HER-2/neu overexpression in human breast cancer cells". Nucleic Acids Res. 27 (20): 4008–17. PMID 10497265.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (1999). "Study of DFF45 in its role of chaperone and inhibitor: two independent inhibitory domains of DFF40 nuclease activity". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 176–80. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1497. PMID 10527860.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (1999). "Multiple domains of DFF45 bind synergistically to DFF40: roles of caspase cleavage and sequestration of activator domain of DFF40". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 181–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1498. PMID 10527861.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Lugovskoy AA, Zhou P, Chou JJ; et al. (2000). "Solution structure of the CIDE-N domain of CIDE-B and a model for CIDE-N/CIDE-N interactions in the DNA fragmentation pathway of apoptosis". Cell. 99 (7): 747–55. PMID 10619428.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Otomo T, Sakahira H, Uegaki K; et al. (2000). "Structure of the heterodimeric complex between CAD domains of CAD and ICAD". Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (8): 658–62. doi:10.1038/77957. PMID 10932250.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Xerri L, Palmerini F, Devilard E; et al. (2000). "Frequent nuclear localization of ICAD and cytoplasmic co-expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in human lymphomas". J. Pathol. 192 (2): 194–202. doi:10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH685>3.0.CO;2-M. PMID 11004695.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Zhou P, Lugovskoy AA, McCarty JS; et al. (2001). "Solution structure of DFF40 and DFF45 N-terminal domain complex and mutual chaperone activity of DFF40 and DFF45". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (11): 6051–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.111145098. PMID 11371636.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sharif-Askari E, Alam A, Rhéaume E; et al. (2001). "Direct cleavage of the human DNA fragmentation factor-45 by granzyme B induces caspase-activated DNase release and DNA fragmentation". EMBO J. 20 (12): 3101–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3101. PMID 11406587.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Tsukada T, Watanabe M, Yamashima T (2002). "Implications of CAD and DNase II in ischemic neuronal necrosis specific for the primate hippocampus". J. Neurochem. 79 (6): 1196–206. PMID 11752060.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Abel F, Sjöberg RM, Ejeskär K; et al. (2002). "Analyses of apoptotic regulators CASP9 and DFFA at 1P36.2, reveal rare allele variants in human neuroblastoma tumours". Br. J. Cancer. 86 (4): 596–604. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600111. PMID 11870543.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Charrier L, Jarry A, Toquet C; et al. (2002). "Growth phase-dependent expression of ICAD-L/DFF45 modulates the pattern of apoptosis in human colonic cancer cells". Cancer Res. 62 (7): 2169–74. PMID 11929840.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)