Cryptococcosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D.; Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors for the development of cryptococcal infections are individual and environmental and include:
- Immunocompromised states such as advanced HIV/AIDS (CD4<100 cells/mm), organ transplantation, invasive cancer, and intake of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications.[1][2][3]
- Cryptococcus is ubiquitous in the environment. But inhalational exposure to dry bird droppings or guano (excrement of seabirds, cave-dwelling bats) increases the risk of contracting the disease if a patient is immunocompromised.
- Smoking and outdoor occupations are considered risk factors for inhalational exposure.[4]
References
- ↑ Lin YY, Shiau S, Fang CT (2015). "Risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases: a case-control study". PLoS One. 10 (3): e0119090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119090. PMC 4352003. PMID 25747471.
- ↑ C. neoformans Infection Risk & Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/risk-prevention.html. Accessed on December 30, 2015.
- ↑ MacDougall L, Fyfe M, Romney M, Starr M, Galanis E (2011). "Risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada" Check
|url=value (help). Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (2): 193–9. doi:10.3201/eid1702.101020. PMC 3204768. PMID 21291588. - ↑ Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, Baughman W, Hamill R, Graviss E; et al. (1999). "Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group". J Infect Dis. 179 (2): 449–54. doi:10.1086/314606. PMID 9878030.