Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{Infobox Disease | | ||
Name = | Name = Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome | | ||
Image = | | Image =| | ||
Caption = | | Caption = An infant with Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome| | ||
DiseasesDB = 29437 | | DiseasesDB = 29437 | | ||
ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|00||l|00}} | | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|00||l|00}} | | ||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
ICDO = | | ICDO = | | ||
OMIM = | | OMIM = | | ||
MedlinePlus = | | MedlinePlus = 001352 | | ||
eMedicineSubj = derm | | eMedicineSubj = derm | | ||
eMedicineTopic = 402 | | eMedicineTopic = 402 | | ||
eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|782}} | | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|782}} | | ||
MeshID = D013206 | | MeshID = D013206 | | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{ | '''Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome''', SSSS, also known as '''Pemphigus neonatorum''' or '''Ritter's disease''',<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book | author = Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL | title = Dermatology: 2-Volume Set | publisher = Mosby | location = St. Louis | year = 2007 | pages = | isbn = 1-4160-2999-0 }}</ref> or '''Localized bullous impetigo''' is a [[dermatology|dermatological]] condition caused by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
The [[syndrome]] is induced by epidermolytic [[exotoxin]]s ([[exfoliatin]])<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000037652|exfoliatin}}</ref> A and B, which are released by ''S. aureus'' and cause detachment within the epidermal layer; by breaking down tight-junctions. One of the exotoxins is produced by the bacterial chromosome, while the other is produced by a [[plasmid]]. (Bacterial plasmids are pieces of self-replicating DNA that often code for secondary characteristics, such as antibiotic resistance, and toxin production.) These exotoxins are proteases that cleave desmoglein-1, which normally holds the [[Stratum granulosum|granulosum]] and [[Stratum spinosum|spinosum]] layers together. | |||
==Signs and Symptoms== | |||
The disease presents with the widespread formation of fluid filled blisters that are thin walled and easily ruptured and the patient can be positive for [[Nikolsky's sign]]. '''Ritter's Disease of the Newborn''' is the most severe form of SSSS with similar signs and symptoms. SSSS often includes a widespread painful erythroderma, often involving the face, diaper, and other intriginous areas. Extensive areas of desquamation might be present. Perioral crusting and fissuring are seen early in the course. Unlike [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], SSSS spares the mucous membranes. It is most common in children under 6 years, but can be seen in adults who are immunosuppressed or have renal failure. | |||
'' | ==Diagnosis== | ||
The diagnosis of SSSS is made clinically. This is sometimes confirmed by isolation of ''S. aureus'' from blood, mucous membranes, or skin biopsy; however, these are often negative. Skin biopsy may show separation of the superficial layer of the epidermis, differentiating SSSS from TEN, wherein the epidermal-dermal layer is separated in the latter. SSSS may be difficult to distinguish from toxic epidermal necrolysis and pustular psoriasis. | |||
== | ==Treatment== | ||
The | The mainstay of treatment for SSSS is supportive care along with eradication of the primary infection. Conservative measures include rehydration, antipyretics, management of thermal burns, and stabilization. Parenteral antibiotics to cover ''S. aureus'' should be administered. Most strains of ''S. aureus'' implicated in SSSS have penicillinases, and are therefore penicillin resistant. Therefore, treatment with Nafcillin, oxacillin, or vancomycin is typically indicated. Clindamycin is sometimes also used because of its inhibition of [[exotoxin|exotoxins]]. | ||
==Prognosis== | |||
The prognosis of SSSS in children is excellent, with complete resolution within 10 days of treatment, and without significant scarring. However, SSSS must be differentiated carefully from toxic epidermal necrolysis, which carries a poor prognosis. The prognosis in adults is generally much worse, and depends upon various factors such as time to treatment, host immunity, and comorbidities. | |||
==History== | |||
== | The clinical features were first described in 1878 by Baron Gottfried Ritter von Rittershain, who observed 297 cases among children in a single Czechoslovakian children's home over a 10-year period.<ref name="pmid15816826">{{cite journal | author = Mockenhaupt M, Idzko M, Grosber M, Schöpf E, Norgauer J | title = Epidemiology of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in Germany | journal = J. Invest. Dermatol. | volume = 124 | issue = 4 | pages = 700–3 | year = 2005 | month = April | pmid = 15816826 | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23642.x }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | |||
* [[Duke's disease]] | |||
* [[List of cutaneous conditions]] | |||
* [[List of conditions caused by problems with junctional proteins]] | |||
{{ | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}} | |||
{{Cutaneous infections}} | |||
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
{{Cutaneous-infection-stub}} | |||
[[ca:Síndrome de la pell escaldada estafilocòccica]] | |||
[[de:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]] | |||
[[es:Síndrome de piel escaldada por estafilococo]] | |||
[[fr:Épidermolyse toxinique staphylococcique du nouveau-né]] | |||
[[nl:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]] | |||
[[ja:伝染性膿痂疹]] | |||
[[pl:Choroba Rittera]] | [[pl:Choroba Rittera]] | ||
[[pt:Síndrome da pele escaldada estafilocócica do recém-nascido]] | |||
[[sl:Stafilokokni eksfoliativni dermatitis]] | |||
[[sv:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]] | |||
Revision as of 14:59, 11 December 2012
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome | |
| An infant with Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome | |
| ICD-10 | L00 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 695.81 |
| DiseasesDB | 29437 |
| MedlinePlus | 001352 |
| eMedicine | derm/402 emerg/782 |
| MeSH | D013206 |
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, SSSS, also known as Pemphigus neonatorum or Ritter's disease,[1] or Localized bullous impetigo is a dermatological condition caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Pathophysiology
The syndrome is induced by epidermolytic exotoxins (exfoliatin)[2] A and B, which are released by S. aureus and cause detachment within the epidermal layer; by breaking down tight-junctions. One of the exotoxins is produced by the bacterial chromosome, while the other is produced by a plasmid. (Bacterial plasmids are pieces of self-replicating DNA that often code for secondary characteristics, such as antibiotic resistance, and toxin production.) These exotoxins are proteases that cleave desmoglein-1, which normally holds the granulosum and spinosum layers together.
Signs and Symptoms
The disease presents with the widespread formation of fluid filled blisters that are thin walled and easily ruptured and the patient can be positive for Nikolsky's sign. Ritter's Disease of the Newborn is the most severe form of SSSS with similar signs and symptoms. SSSS often includes a widespread painful erythroderma, often involving the face, diaper, and other intriginous areas. Extensive areas of desquamation might be present. Perioral crusting and fissuring are seen early in the course. Unlike toxic epidermal necrolysis, SSSS spares the mucous membranes. It is most common in children under 6 years, but can be seen in adults who are immunosuppressed or have renal failure.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of SSSS is made clinically. This is sometimes confirmed by isolation of S. aureus from blood, mucous membranes, or skin biopsy; however, these are often negative. Skin biopsy may show separation of the superficial layer of the epidermis, differentiating SSSS from TEN, wherein the epidermal-dermal layer is separated in the latter. SSSS may be difficult to distinguish from toxic epidermal necrolysis and pustular psoriasis.
Treatment
The mainstay of treatment for SSSS is supportive care along with eradication of the primary infection. Conservative measures include rehydration, antipyretics, management of thermal burns, and stabilization. Parenteral antibiotics to cover S. aureus should be administered. Most strains of S. aureus implicated in SSSS have penicillinases, and are therefore penicillin resistant. Therefore, treatment with Nafcillin, oxacillin, or vancomycin is typically indicated. Clindamycin is sometimes also used because of its inhibition of exotoxins.
Prognosis
The prognosis of SSSS in children is excellent, with complete resolution within 10 days of treatment, and without significant scarring. However, SSSS must be differentiated carefully from toxic epidermal necrolysis, which carries a poor prognosis. The prognosis in adults is generally much worse, and depends upon various factors such as time to treatment, host immunity, and comorbidities.
History
The clinical features were first described in 1878 by Baron Gottfried Ritter von Rittershain, who observed 297 cases among children in a single Czechoslovakian children's home over a 10-year period.[3]
See also
- Duke's disease
- List of cutaneous conditions
- List of conditions caused by problems with junctional proteins
References
- ↑ Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
- ↑ Mockenhaupt M, Idzko M, Grosber M, Schöpf E, Norgauer J (2005). "Epidemiology of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in Germany". J. Invest. Dermatol. 124 (4): 700–3. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23642.x. PMID 15816826. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
Template:Cutaneous-infection-stub
ca:Síndrome de la pell escaldada estafilocòccica de:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome nl:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome sl:Stafilokokni eksfoliativni dermatitis sv:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome