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'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''


{{Whipworm infection}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}


==Overview==
==[[Whipworm infection overview|Overview]]==


The nematode (roundworm) Trichuris trichiura, also called the human whipworm.
==[[Whipworm infection historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==[[Whipworm infection classification|Classification]]==


''Demographics''
==[[Whipworm infection pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


The third most common round worm of humans.  Worldwide, with infections more frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor sanitation practices, and among children.  It is estimated that 800 million people are infected worldwide.  Trichuriasis occurs in the southern United States.
==[[Whipworm infection causes|Causes]]==


Infections with the soil-transmitted intestinal helminths (i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm), estimated to affect approximately 1 billion persons, are among the most common and widespread human infections.
==[[Whipworm infection differential diagnosis|Differentiating Whipworm infection from other Diseases]]==


==Risk Factors==  
==[[Whipworm infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


Most frequently asymptomatic. Heavy infections, especially in small children, can cause gastrointestinal problems (abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal prolapse) and possibly growth retardation.
==[[Whipworm infection risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


==Pathophysiology & Etiology==  
==[[Whipworm infection natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


[[Image:Trichuris LifeCycle.gif|thumb|300px|left|Life Cycle of Trichiuris trichiura]]
==Diagnosis==


The unembryonated eggs are passed with the stool '''1.'''. In the soil, the eggs develop into a 2-cell stage '''2.''', an advanced cleavage stage '''3.''', and then they embryonate '''4.'''; eggs become infective in 15 to 30 days. After ingestion (soil-contaminated hands or food), the eggs hatch in the small intestine, and release larvae '''5.''' that mature and establish themselves as adults in the colon '''6.'''. The adult worms (approximately 4 cm in length) live in the cecum and ascending colon. The adult worms are fixed in that location, with the anterior portions threaded into the mucosa. The females begin to oviposit 60 to 70 days after infection. Female worms in the cecum shed between 3,000 and 20,000 eggs per day. The life span of the adults is about 1 year.
[[Whipworm infection history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Whipworm infection physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Whipworm infection laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Whipworm infection other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
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==Diagnosis==
'''Microscopy'''


[[Image:Trichuris eggA.jpg|thumb|left|T.trichiura egg]]
==Treatment==
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A: Trichuris trichiura egg (wet preparation). The diagnostic characteristics are:
 
*a typical barrel shape
*two polar plugs, that are unstained
*size: 50 to 54 µm by 22 to 23 µm
 
The external layer of the shell of the egg is yellow-brown (in contrast to the clear polar plugs). The egg is unembryonated, as eggs are when passed with the stool.
 
[[Image:Trichuris eggC.jpg|thumb|left|Trichuris egg]]
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C: Trichuris trichiura eggs.  Figures show side-by-side eggs with regular (white arrows) and larger (black arrows) size eggs.
[[Image:Trichuris eggD.jpg|thumb|left|Trichuris egg]]
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D: Atypical Trichuris sp. egg.


[[Whipworm infection medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Whipworm infection primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Whipworm infection secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Whipworm infection cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Whipworm infection future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Case Studies==
[[Whipworm infection case study one|Case #1]]


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Revision as of 14:02, 3 October 2012

For patient information click here

Whipworm infection Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Whipworm Infection from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Whipworm infection in the news

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Directions to Hospitals Treating Whipworm infection

Risk calculators and risk factors for Whipworm infection

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Whipworm infection from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1


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