Appendix cancer historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 10: Line 10:


===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===
===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===
Appendectomy


Anesthesia  
*'''Surgical sciences development'''
:*Appendectomy
:*Anesthesia  
:*Sterilization


Surgical
:*Chemotherapy
:*Introduction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) the first coorectal chemotherapy agent
:*Development of new chemotherapy agents like
::* Irinotecan
::* Oxaliplatin
::* Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab)
::* Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab),
::* Aflibercept
::* Regorafenib: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3),
::* Capecitabine or 5-FU with or without a platinum drug
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) 


Sterilization
::* introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptmoes of carcinoid syndrome


Chemotherapy
::* Development of new Imaging modalities
 
:::* CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as scyntigraphy revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer
Traditional 5 FU and new chemotherapy agents
 
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy ,  
 
Octereotide analogs
 
Imaging study developments


'''Future horizons'''
'''Future horizons'''

Revision as of 04:28, 1 February 2019

Appendix cancer Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Epidemiology and Demographics

Differentiating Appendix cancer from other Diseases

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

MRI

CT scan

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Appendix cancer historical perspective On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Appendix cancer historical perspective

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Appendix cancer historical perspective

CDC on Appendix cancer historical perspective

Appendix cancer historical perspective in the news

Blogs on Appendix cancer historical perspective

Directions to Hospitals Treating Appendix cancer

Risk calculators and risk factors for Appendix cancer historical perspective

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913.[1]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • Surgical sciences development
  • Appendectomy
  • Anesthesia
  • Sterilization
  • Chemotherapy
  • Introduction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) the first coorectal chemotherapy agent
  • Development of new chemotherapy agents like
  • Irinotecan
  • Oxaliplatin
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab)
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab),
  • Aflibercept
  • Regorafenib: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3),
  • Capecitabine or 5-FU with or without a platinum drug

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC)

  • introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptmoes of carcinoid syndrome
  • Development of new Imaging modalities
  • CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as scyntigraphy revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer

Future horizons

  • Genetic studies revolutionized cancer treatment; appendix cancer is not an exception.
  • Traditionally appandiceal cancers were approached the same as colorectal cancers. Recent genetic studies demonstrated that appendiceal tumors are clearly differ from colorectal cancers.[2]
    • Presence of mutated TP53 and APC genes were significantly lower in appendiceal cancers compared to colorectal cancers.
  • It has been shown that mutation profiles are associated with the patients’ prognosis. [3]
    • Mutations in the TP53 significantly decrease life expectancy in patients with appendix cancer.
    • Regardless of tumor grade, Tp 53 mutations were associated with poorer outcomes.
    • Patients with GNAS mutations had a life expectancy of 10 years after diagnosis.
    • Appendiceal tumors with GNAS mutations rarely develop into high-grade tumors.

Famous Cases

The following are a few famous cases of appendix cancer:

  • Celebrated actress, Audrey Hepburn was the most famous victims of appendix cancer, she passed away in 1993.[4]
  • Stuart Scott, ESPN sportscast anchor was diagnosed with appendix cancer in 2007 and died 8 years later in 2015.[5]

[6]

References

  1. Beatson GT (1913) Note on a Case of Carcinoma of the Vermiform Appendix in a Girl, Aged 20 Years. Glasgow Med J 80 (6):418-422. PMID: 30435413
  2. Levine EA, Blazer DG, Kim MK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Guy C; et al. (2012). "Gene expression profiling of peritoneal metastases from appendiceal and colon cancer demonstrates unique biologic signatures and predicts patient outcomes". J Am Coll Surg. 214 (4): 599–606, discussion 606-7. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.028. PMC 3768122. PMID 22342786.
  3. Levine EA, Votanopoulos KI, Qasem SA, Philip J, Cummins KA, Chou JW; et al. (2016). "Prognostic Molecular Subtypes of Low-Grade Cancer of the Appendix". J Am Coll Surg. 222 (4): 493–503. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.012. PMC 4808611. PMID 26821970.
  4. "Audrey Hepburn Appendix Cancer".
  5. "Stuart Scott's Battle With Cancer".
  6. "Stuart Scott, ESPN's Voice of Exuberance, Dies at 49 - The New York Times".

Template:WH Template:WS