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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of tumors.  
*Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of the tumors.  
*Prevalence, risk factors, age distribution as well as prognosis are different in two major types of apendiceal cancers.<ref name="WHO">Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019</ref>
*Prevalence, risk factors, age distribution as well as prognosis are different in the two major types of apendiceal cancers.<ref name="WHO">Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019</ref>
* According to the [https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics/ SEER database], adenocarcinoma accounted for 58% of appendiceal tumors. <ref name="pmid8000994">{{cite journal| author=Thomas RM, Sobin LH| title=Gastrointestinal cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 154-70 | pmid=8000994 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8000994  }} </ref>  
* According to the [https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics/ SEER database], adenocarcinoma accounted for 58% of appendiceal tumors. <ref name="pmid8000994">{{cite journal| author=Thomas RM, Sobin LH| title=Gastrointestinal cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 154-70 | pmid=8000994 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8000994  }} </ref>  
* Carcinoid tumors comprise 50-77% of appendiceal malignancies.<ref name="pmid464679">{{cite journal| author=Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R| title=Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 190 | issue= 1 | pages= 58-63 | pmid=464679 | doi= | pmc=1344458 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=464679  }} </ref>  
* Carcinoid tumors comprise 50-77% of appendiceal malignancies.<ref name="pmid464679">{{cite journal| author=Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R| title=Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 190 | issue= 1 | pages= 58-63 | pmid=464679 | doi= | pmc=1344458 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=464679  }} </ref>  
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===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
*Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors.  
*Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors.<ref name="pmid8000994" />
* The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref>
* The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref>
* The estimated prevalence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is 0.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide;<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref> on the other hand,?????????
* The estimated prevalence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is 0.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide;<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref>





Revision as of 15:42, 16 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of the tumors.
  • Prevalence, risk factors, age distribution as well as prognosis are different in the two major types of apendiceal cancers.[1]
  • According to the SEER database, adenocarcinoma accounted for 58% of appendiceal tumors. [2]
  • Carcinoid tumors comprise 50-77% of appendiceal malignancies.[3]

Incidence

  • The incidence of carcinoid tumor of appendix is approximately 0.075 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[4]
  • The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is approximately 0.2 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[5]

Prevalence

  • Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors.[2]
  • The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[6]
  • The estimated prevalence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is 0.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide;[6]


Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

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  • In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
  • The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
  • ???????????there are for acute diseases generally????
  • The 5-year survival
  • Appendiceal carcinoid tumors
    • 94% localized disease
    • 85% regional disease
    • 34% distant metastases
    • goblet cell 12.5%
    • Tubular tumors are benign clinically
  • Adenocarcinoma
    • localized 95%
    • Distant metastasis 0%
  • Mucinous
    • localized 80%
    • Distant metastasis 51%
  • Poor prognostic factors for adenocarcinoma are as follows:
    • Advanced stage
    • High grade
    • Nonmucinous histology
    • Spread of the tumor beyond the left lower quadrant
    • Presence of malignant cells outside of the visceral peritoneum of the appendix

Age

  • The incidence of apendix cancer increases with age; meanwhile, patients with carcinoid tumors are generally younger than their adenocarcinoma counterparts.
  • The median age at diagnosis is 65 years for adenocarcinoma, compared to t 32-43 years (range, 6 to 80 years) for carcinoid tumors.[7][4]
    • The patients with Tubular carcinoids are significantly younger than the patients with goblet cell carcinoids.[8]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to appendiceal cancers.[1]

Gender

  • Generally appendiceal cancers affects men and women equally.
  • While in adenocarcinoma there is a male dominant pattern of prevalence, females are more commonly affected by appendiceal carcinoids than men; [4][5]This might be because of high incidental appendicectomies in women. Nevertheless, in the SEER database, the male to female ratio is approximately 1 to 1.[1][7][5]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019
  2. 2.0 2.1 Thomas RM, Sobin LH (1995). "Gastrointestinal cancer". Cancer. 75 (1 Suppl): 154–70. PMID 8000994.
  3. Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R (1979). "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases". Ann Surg. 190 (1): 58–63. PMC 1344458. PMID 464679.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Modlin IM, Sandor A (1997). "An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors". Cancer. 79 (4): 813–29. PMID 9024720.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Deans GT, Spence RA (1995). "Neoplastic lesions of the appendix". Br J Surg. 82 (3): 299–306. PMID 7795991.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T (2012). "Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19 (5): 1379–85. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1. PMID 22302267.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Carr NJ, McCarthy WF, Sobin LH (1995). "Epithelial noncarcinoid tumors and tumor-like lesions of the appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 184 patients with a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors". Cancer. 75 (3): 757–68. PMID 7828125.
  8. Burke AP, Sobin LH, Federspiel BH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EB (1990). "Goblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix". Am J Clin Pathol. 94 (1): 27–35. PMID 2163192.

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