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| **[Strategy 3] | | **[Strategy 3] |
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| ===Risk modifiers===
| | A [[meta-analysis]] indicates that prolonging [[breastfeeding]] until the introduction of gluten-containing grains into the diet was associated with a 52% reduced risk of developing coeliac disease in infancy; whether this persists into adulthood is not clear.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Akobeng A, Ramanan A, Buchan I, Heller R |title=Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16287899}}</ref> |
| There are various theories as to what determines whether a genetically susceptible individual will go on to develop coeliac disease. Major theories include infection by [[rotavirus]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stene L, Honeyman M, Hoffenberg E, Haas J, Sokol R, Emery L, Taki I, Norris J, Erlich H, Eisenbarth G, Rewers M |title=Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study |journal=Am J Gastroenterol |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=2333–40 |year=2006 |pmid=17032199}}</ref> or human intestinal [[adenovirus]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kagnoff M, Paterson Y, Kumar P, Kasarda D, Carbone F, Unsworth D, Austin R | title = Evidence for the role of a human intestinal adenovirus in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease | journal = Gut | volume = 28 | issue = 8 | pages = 995–1001 | year = 1987 | id = PMID 2822550}}</ref> Some research has suggested that smoking is protective against adult onset coeliac disease.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Suman S, Williams E, Thomas P, Surgenor S, Snook J | title = Is the risk of adult coeliac disease causally related to cigarette exposure? | journal = Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 15 | issue = 9 | pages = 995–1000 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12923372}}</ref>
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| A 2005 prospective and observational study found that timing of the exposure to gluten in childhood was an important risk modifier. People exposed to wheat, barley, or rye before the [[Gut flora|gut barrier]] has fully developed (three months after birth) had five times the risk of developing coeliac disease over those exposed at 4 to 6 months. Those exposed later had a slightly increased risk relative to those exposed at 4 to 6 months.<ref name="Norris">{{cite journal|author= Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, Emery LM, Sokol RJ, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M.|title=Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease | journal=JAMA | year=2005| volume=293 | issue=19| pages=2343–2351 | id=PMID 15900004}}</ref> However a 2006 study with similar numbers found just the reverse, that early introduction of grains was protective.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poole J, Barriga K, Leung D, Hoffman M, Eisenbarth G, Rewers M, Norris J |title=Timing of initial exposure to cereal grains and the risk of wheat allergy |journal=Pediatrics |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=2175–82 |year=2006 |pmid=16740862}}</ref> Breastfeeding may also reduce risk. A [[meta-analysis]] indicates that prolonging [[breastfeeding]] until the introduction of gluten-containing grains into the diet was associated with a 52% reduced risk of developing coeliac disease in infancy; whether this persists into adulthood is not clear.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Akobeng A, Ramanan A, Buchan I, Heller R |title=Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16287899}}</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
OR
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
OR
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
Primary Prevention
- There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
- There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include:
- [Measure1]
- [Measure2]
- [Measure3]
OR
- [Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include:
- [Strategy 1]
- [Strategy 2]
- [Strategy 3]
A meta-analysis indicates that prolonging breastfeeding until the introduction of gluten-containing grains into the diet was associated with a 52% reduced risk of developing coeliac disease in infancy; whether this persists into adulthood is not clear.[1]
References
- ↑ Akobeng A, Ramanan A, Buchan I, Heller R (2006). "Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Arch Dis Child. 91 (1): 39–43. PMID 16287899.
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