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* DKA is associated with a past medical history of type 1 diabetes. | * DKA is associated with a past medical history of type 1 diabetes. | ||
* Type 2 diabetics may rarely develop DKA at a late stage of the disease due to faliure of beta pancreatic cells. | * Type 2 diabetics may rarely develop DKA at a late stage of the disease due to faliure of beta pancreatic cells. | ||
* History of infections (for example, urinary tract infections, pneumonia in an individual suffering from type 1 diabetes | * History of infections (for example, urinary tract infections, pneumonia in an individual suffering from type 1 diabetes. <ref name="pmid23758313"></ref> | ||
=== Social History === | === Social History === | ||
Revision as of 22:40, 3 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
History
Age of onset
- Young children (age less than equal to 2 years) tend to present more likely with DKA as the first presentation of type 1 diabetes than older children.[1][2]
- Peripubertal and adolescent girls are affected more than other age groups.
Family History
- Families harboring HLA-associated high-risk genotypes are associated with a high chance of presenting DKA at diabetes onset.
- Patients who have a family history of type 1 diabetes have less chance of developing DKA due to increased awareness of the disorder.
Initial Presentation
- Patients may present with a history of poor compliance with insulin therapy or missed insulin injections due to vomiting or psychological reasons.
Past Medical History
- DKA is associated with a past medical history of type 1 diabetes.
- Type 2 diabetics may rarely develop DKA at a late stage of the disease due to faliure of beta pancreatic cells.
- History of infections (for example, urinary tract infections, pneumonia in an individual suffering from type 1 diabetes. [1]
Social History
Symptoms
Early Symptoms
- Sluggish, extreme tiredness
- Fruity smell to breath/compare to nail polish remover, similar to peardrops
- Extreme thirst, despite large fluid intake
- Constant urination
- Extreme weight-loss
- Oral Thrush may be present, or/ yeast infections that fail to go away, this is because the normal fungal/flora present in oral cavity/cervix in women, the balance is upset and bacterial began to feast on the high sugar from urine output/ dry mouth from extreme thirst.
- Muscle wasting
- Agitation / Irritation / Aggression / Confusion
Late Symptoms
At this point, DKA is life-threatening and medical attention should be sought immediately.
- Emesis (vomiting), although this is not always a sign of late-stage ketoacidosis, and can occur both in early-stage ketoacidosis and in non-ketoacidic hyperglycaemia.
- Confusion
- Abdominal pain
- Loss of appetite
- Flu-like symptoms
- Lethargy and apathy
- Extreme weakness
- Kussmaul breathing ("air hunger"). Patients breathe more deeply and/or rapidly.
- Unconsciousness (diabetic coma) after prolonged DKA. At this stage, speedy medical attention is imperative.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Vries L, Oren L, Lazar L, Lebenthal Y, Shalitin S, Phillip M (2013). "Factors associated with diabetic ketoacidosis at onset of Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents". Diabet. Med. 30 (11): 1360–6. doi:10.1111/dme.12252. PMID 23758313.
- ↑ "Ketoacidosis at first presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus among children: a study from Kuwait | Scientific Reports".