Diabetes mellitus type 2 primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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Reducing fat intake and fat quality is of importance in these group.<br> | Reducing fat intake and fat quality is of importance in these group.<br> | ||
[[Grains of Selim|Grains]] may help to prevent type 2 diabetes.<ref name="pmid12600852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montonen J, Knekt P, Järvinen R, Aromaa A, Reunanen A |title=Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=622–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12600852 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Higher intakes of [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] <ref name="pmid24898241">{{cite journal |vauthors=Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D |title=Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=278–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24898241 |pmc=4144102 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.076901 |url=}}</ref>, berries<ref name="pmid24257723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen TP, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S |title=Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=328–33 |year=2014 |pmid=24257723 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.069641 |url=}}</ref>, yogurt<ref name="pmid25420418">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E, Mozaffarian D, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB |title=Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis |journal=BMC Med |volume=12 |issue= |pages=215 |year=2014 |pmid=25420418 |pmc=4243376 |doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1 |url=}}</ref>, coffee, and tea<ref name="pmid26746178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mozaffarian D |title=Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Circulation |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=187–225 |year=2016 |pmid=26746178 |pmc=4814348 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585 |url=}}</ref> are associated with reduced diabetes risk. Conversely, red meats and sugar sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.<ref name="pmid24910231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB |title=Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies |journal=Lancet |volume=383 |issue=9933 |pages=1999–2007 |year=2014 |pmid=24910231 |pmc=4751088 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9 |url=}}</ref><br> | [[Grains of Selim|Grains]] may help to prevent type 2 diabetes.<ref name="pmid12600852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montonen J, Knekt P, Järvinen R, Aromaa A, Reunanen A |title=Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=622–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12600852 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Higher intakes of [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] <ref name="pmid24898241">{{cite journal |vauthors=Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D |title=Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=278–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24898241 |pmc=4144102 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.076901 |url=}}</ref>, berries<ref name="pmid24257723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen TP, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S |title=Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=328–33 |year=2014 |pmid=24257723 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.069641 |url=}}</ref>, yogurt<ref name="pmid25420418">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E, Mozaffarian D, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB |title=Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis |journal=BMC Med |volume=12 |issue= |pages=215 |year=2014 |pmid=25420418 |pmc=4243376 |doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1 |url=}}</ref>, coffee, and tea<ref name="pmid26746178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mozaffarian D |title=Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Circulation |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=187–225 |year=2016 |pmid=26746178 |pmc=4814348 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585 |url=}}</ref> are associated with reduced diabetes risk. Conversely, red meats and sugar sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.<ref name="pmid24910231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB |title=Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies |journal=Lancet |volume=383 |issue=9933 |pages=1999–2007 |year=2014 |pmid=24910231 |pmc=4751088 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9 |url=}}</ref><br> | ||
Just as 150 min/week of moderateintensity physical activity, such as brisk walking, showed beneficial effects in those with prediabetes<ref name="pmid28237635">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Brien MJ, Perez A, Scanlan AB, Alos VA, Whitaker RC, Foster GD, Ackermann RT, Ciolino JD, Homko C |title=PREVENT-DM Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Lifestyle Intervention and Metformin |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28237635 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.008 |url=}}</ref> | Just as 150 min/week of moderateintensity physical activity, such as brisk walking, showed beneficial effects in those with prediabetes,<ref name="pmid28237635">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Brien MJ, Perez A, Scanlan AB, Alos VA, Whitaker RC, Foster GD, Ackermann RT, Ciolino JD, Homko C |title=PREVENT-DM Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Lifestyle Intervention and Metformin |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28237635 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.008 |url=}}</ref> moderateintensity physical activity has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce abdominal fat in children and young adults.<ref name="pmid24298011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fedewa MV, Gist NH, Evans EM, Dishman RK |title=Exercise and insulin resistance in youth: a meta-analysis |journal=Pediatrics |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=e163–74 |year=2014 |pmid=24298011 |doi=10.1542/peds.2013-2718 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22990269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis CL, Pollock NK, Waller JL, Allison JD, Dennis BA, Bassali R, Meléndez A, Boyle CA, Gower BA |title=Exercise dose and diabetes risk in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=308 |issue=11 |pages=1103–12 |year=2012 |pmid=22990269 |pmc=3487697 |doi=10.1001/2012.jama.10762 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Pharmacologic intervention=== | ===Pharmacologic intervention=== | ||
[[Metformin]] therapy for prevention of type 2 diabetes should be considered in those with [[prediabetes]], especially for those with [[BMI]] >35 kg/m2, those aged ,60 years,women with prior [[Gestational diabetes|gestational diabetes mellitus]], and/or those with rising [[A1C]] despite [[lifestyle]] intervention. | [[Metformin]] therapy for prevention of type 2 diabetes should be considered in those with [[prediabetes]], especially for those with [[BMI]] >35 kg/m2, those aged ,60 years,women with prior [[Gestational diabetes|gestational diabetes mellitus]], and/or those with rising [[A1C]] despite [[lifestyle]] intervention. | ||
Revision as of 15:17, 4 April 2017
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Diabetes mellitus type 2 Microchapters |
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Differentiating Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Life style modification is the main stay for diabetes mellitus prevention. Metformin is another adjunctive measure to prevent diabetes in high risk persons.
Primary Prevention
Prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2 is based on two major concepts. First, life style modification and the second one is pharmacologic prevention.
Life style modification
Studies have shown that 7% weight loss during 6 months is effective for diabetes prevention.[1] The recommended pace of weight loss was 1–2 lb/week. Calorie goals were calculated by estimating the daily calories needed to maintain the participant’s initial weight and subtracting 500–1,000 calories/day. Reducing caloric intake is of paramount importance for those at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
Reducing fat intake and fat quality is of importance in these group.
Grains may help to prevent type 2 diabetes.[2] Higher intakes of nuts [3], berries[4], yogurt[5], coffee, and tea[6] are associated with reduced diabetes risk. Conversely, red meats and sugar sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.[7]
Just as 150 min/week of moderateintensity physical activity, such as brisk walking, showed beneficial effects in those with prediabetes,[8] moderateintensity physical activity has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce abdominal fat in children and young adults.[9][10]
Pharmacologic intervention
Metformin therapy for prevention of type 2 diabetes should be considered in those with prediabetes, especially for those with BMI >35 kg/m2, those aged ,60 years,women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus, and/or those with rising A1C despite lifestyle intervention.
References
- ↑ Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemiö K, Hämäläinen H, Härkönen P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J (2006). "Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study". Lancet. 368 (9548): 1673–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69701-8. PMID 17098085.
- ↑ Montonen J, Knekt P, Järvinen R, Aromaa A, Reunanen A (2003). "Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 (3): 622–9. PMID 12600852.
- ↑ Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D (2014). "Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100 (1): 278–88. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.076901. PMC 4144102. PMID 24898241.
- ↑ Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen TP, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S (2014). "Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99 (2): 328–33. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.069641. PMID 24257723.
- ↑ Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E, Mozaffarian D, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB (2014). "Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis". BMC Med. 12: 215. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1. PMC 4243376. PMID 25420418.
- ↑ Mozaffarian D (2016). "Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review". Circulation. 133 (2): 187–225. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585. PMC 4814348. PMID 26746178.
- ↑ Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB (2014). "Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies". Lancet. 383 (9933): 1999–2007. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9. PMC 4751088. PMID 24910231.
- ↑ O'Brien MJ, Perez A, Scanlan AB, Alos VA, Whitaker RC, Foster GD, Ackermann RT, Ciolino JD, Homko C (2017). "PREVENT-DM Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Lifestyle Intervention and Metformin". Am J Prev Med. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.008. PMID 28237635.
- ↑ Fedewa MV, Gist NH, Evans EM, Dishman RK (2014). "Exercise and insulin resistance in youth: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 133 (1): e163–74. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2718. PMID 24298011.
- ↑ Davis CL, Pollock NK, Waller JL, Allison JD, Dennis BA, Bassali R, Meléndez A, Boyle CA, Gower BA (2012). "Exercise dose and diabetes risk in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 308 (11): 1103–12. doi:10.1001/2012.jama.10762. PMC 3487697. PMID 22990269.