Empyema differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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|Ultrasound in empyema is positive for suspended microbubble sign, air fluid level, curtains sign and loss of gliding sign.<ref name="pmid15201646">{{cite journal| author=Lin FC, Chou CW, Chang SC| title=Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: chest ultrasonography. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2004 | volume= 327 | issue= 6 | pages= 330-5 | pmid=15201646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15201646 }}</ref> | |Ultrasound in empyema is positive for suspended microbubble sign, air fluid level, curtains sign and loss of gliding sign.<ref name="pmid15201646">{{cite journal| author=Lin FC, Chou CW, Chang SC| title=Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: chest ultrasonography. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2004 | volume= 327 | issue= 6 | pages= 330-5 | pmid=15201646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15201646 }}</ref> | ||
|Ultrasound in lung abscess is negative for suspended microbubble sign, curtains sign and loss of gliding sign but air fluid level may be seen,.<ref name="pmid152016462">{{cite journal| author=Lin FC, Chou CW, Chang SC| title=Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: chest ultrasonography. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2004 | volume= 327 | issue= 6 | pages= 330-5 | pmid=15201646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15201646 }}</ref> | |Ultrasound in lung abscess is negative for suspended microbubble sign, curtains sign and loss of gliding sign but air fluid level may be seen,.<ref name="pmid152016462">{{cite journal| author=Lin FC, Chou CW, Chang SC| title=Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: chest ultrasonography. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2004 | volume= 327 | issue= 6 | pages= 330-5 | pmid=15201646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15201646 }}</ref> | ||
|Ultrasonography is not needed in making diagnosis of pleural effusion | |Ultrasonography is not needed in making diagnosis of pleural effusion nonetheless the extended thoracic spine sign on sonography has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing pleural effusion.<ref name="pmid26269297">{{cite journal| author=Dickman E, Terentiev V, Likourezos A, Derman A, Haines L| title=Extension of the Thoracic Spine Sign: A New Sonographic Marker of Pleural Effusion. | journal=J Ultrasound Med | year= 2015 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 1555-61 | pmid=26269297 | doi=10.7863/ultra.15.14.06013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26269297 }}</ref> Chest or upper abdominal ultrasound may show subpulmonic effusion.<ref name="pmid182908182">{{cite journal| author=Almeida FA, Eiger G| title=Subpulmonic effusion. | journal=Intern Med J | year= 2008 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-7 | pmid=18290818 | doi=10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01619.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18290818 }}</ref><ref name="pmid71076692">{{cite journal| author=Connell DG, Crothers G, Cooperberg PL| title=The subpulmonic pleural effusion: sonographic aspects. | journal=J Can Assoc Radiol | year= 1982 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 101-3 | pmid=7107669 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7107669 }}</ref><ref name="pmid35363062">{{cite journal| author=Halvorsen RA, Thompson WM| title=Ascites or pleural effusion? CT and ultrasound differentiation. | journal=Crit Rev Diagn Imaging | year= 1986 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 201-40 | pmid=3536306 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3536306 }}</ref> | ||
|Not reqiured unless complicated with empyema | |Not reqiured unless complicated with empyema | ||
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Revision as of 20:02, 6 January 2017
Empyema Microchapters |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Differential diagnosis
Empyema must be diffrentiated from pneumonia, lung abscess, lung cancer and parapneumonic effusions as shown below:
Variable | Empyema Thoracis | Lung abscess | Pleural effusion | Pneumonia | Lung cancer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presentation | Variable presentation but may follow long standing pneumonia | Usually has history of aspiration pneumonia, alcoholics, drug abusers, seizure disorder, have undergone recent general anesthesia, or have a nasogastric or endotracheal tube. | Usually follows pneumonia as a complication | presents with fever, pleuritc chest pain, cough | mostly asymptomatic but may have cough productive with hemoptysis and chronic history of smoking |
Causes | In general any bacteria can cause an empyema, however different bacteria are associated with different rates of empyema formation.[1] Common causes include bacteroides, fusobacterium, haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcal infections, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, TB | Lung abscess is commonly caused by bacterial infections and these include bacteroides, peptostreptococcus and prevotella mostly after aspiration | Common causes of transudative pleural effusion include;[1][2][3][4][5] left ventricular failure, Nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis, while common causes of exudative pleural effusions[6] are bacterial pneumonia and malignancy | Pneumonia can result from a variety of causes, including infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and chemical injury to the lungs | Direct cause of lung cancers is DNA mutations that often result in either activation of proto-oncogenes (e.g. K-RAS) or the inactivation of tumors suppressor genes (e.g. TP53) or both. The risk of these genetic mutations may be increased following exposure to environmental components example smoking |
Laboratory findings | Laboratory findings are non specific example leukocytosis, sputum samples for gram staining and culture. Other tests include urine antigen test, PCR, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin | The laboratory findings are non specific including: neutropenia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, respiratory acidosis, hypercarbia, hypoxia, and tumor cells in sputum and pleural effusion cytology. | |||
Physical examination | Physical examination increased respiratory rate, low oxygen saturation, difficulty breathing, bronchial breathe sounds, crackling sounds, or increased whispered pectoriloquy. | Physical examination findings are non specific and may include decreased/absent breath sounds, pallor, low-grade fever, tachypnea and cachezia. | |||
CXR | A homogenous opacification is noted at the affected side. The costophrenic angle is obliterated with a meniscus. | CXR shows areas of diffused opacities. | CXR may show lung mass, widening of the mediastinum, atelectasis, or pleural effusion. | ||
Chest ultrasound | Ultrasound in empyema is positive for suspended microbubble sign, air fluid level, curtains sign and loss of gliding sign.[1] | Ultrasound in lung abscess is negative for suspended microbubble sign, curtains sign and loss of gliding sign but air fluid level may be seen,.[2] | Ultrasonography is not needed in making diagnosis of pleural effusion nonetheless the extended thoracic spine sign on sonography has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing pleural effusion.[3] Chest or upper abdominal ultrasound may show subpulmonic effusion.[4][5][6] | Not reqiured unless complicated with empyema | |
CT scan | Seen as a lung mass whose cavity is regular with smooth and regular lumen, well-defined defined boundary and shape changes with change in patient's position.[7] Mass may resolve on antibiotics
The split pleura sign is present (most reliable sign to differentiate empyema from lung abscess) |
Lung mass whose cavity is rregular with undulated lumen, irregular-poorly defined boundary and shape does not change with change in patient's position.[8] Mass may resolve on antibiotics |
|
Seen as a spiculated irregular solid mass that does not resolve on antibiotics |
References
- ↑ Lin FC, Chou CW, Chang SC (2004). "Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: chest ultrasonography". Am J Med Sci. 327 (6): 330–5. PMID 15201646.
- ↑ Lin FC, Chou CW, Chang SC (2004). "Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: chest ultrasonography". Am J Med Sci. 327 (6): 330–5. PMID 15201646.
- ↑ Dickman E, Terentiev V, Likourezos A, Derman A, Haines L (2015). "Extension of the Thoracic Spine Sign: A New Sonographic Marker of Pleural Effusion". J Ultrasound Med. 34 (9): 1555–61. doi:10.7863/ultra.15.14.06013. PMID 26269297.
- ↑ Almeida FA, Eiger G (2008). "Subpulmonic effusion". Intern Med J. 38 (3): 216–7. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01619.x. PMID 18290818.
- ↑ Connell DG, Crothers G, Cooperberg PL (1982). "The subpulmonic pleural effusion: sonographic aspects". J Can Assoc Radiol. 33 (2): 101–3. PMID 7107669.
- ↑ Halvorsen RA, Thompson WM (1986). "Ascites or pleural effusion? CT and ultrasound differentiation". Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 26 (3): 201–40. PMID 3536306.
- ↑ Baber CE, Hedlund LW, Oddson TA, Putman CE (1980). "Differentiating empyemas and peripheral pulmonary abscesses: the value of computed tomography". Radiology. 135 (3): 755–8. doi:10.1148/radiology.135.3.7384467. PMID 7384467.
- ↑ Baber CE, Hedlund LW, Oddson TA, Putman CE (1980). "Differentiating empyemas and peripheral pulmonary abscesses: the value of computed tomography". Radiology. 135 (3): 755–8. doi:10.1148/radiology.135.3.7384467. PMID 7384467.