Diabetes mellitus type 1 causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There are no established causes for type 1 DM. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. | There are no established causes for [[type 1 DM]]. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of [[Genetics|genetic]], [[Environmental Science|environmental]], and immunologic factors. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors: | The exact cause of [[type 1 DM]] remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of [[Type 1 DM]] is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors: | ||
<ref name="pmid27302272">{{cite journal| author=Pociot F, Lernmark Å| title=Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. | journal=Lancet | year= 2016 | volume= 387 | issue= 10035 | pages= 2331-9 | pmid=27302272 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27302272 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27625010">{{cite journal| author=Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S et al.| title=Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes. | journal=J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=27625010 | doi=10.1111/1753-0407.12483 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27625010 }}</ref><ref>Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.</ref><ref>Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.</ref><ref>Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.</ref><ref name="pmid27545597">{{cite journal| author=Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM| title=Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. | journal=Can J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 586-593 | pmid=27545597 | doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27545597 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26271890">{{cite journal| author=Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A| title=Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Theor Biol | year= 2015 | volume= 383 | issue= | pages= 93-105 | pmid=26271890 | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032 | pmc=4567915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26271890 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24105410">{{cite journal| author=Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M| title=General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2014 | volume= 75 | issue= 1-1 | pages= 45-50 | pmid=24105410 | doi=10.1038/pr.2013.167 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24105410 }}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="2" |Type 1 Diabetes causes | ! colspan="2" |Type 1 Diabetes causes | ||
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|Envirnomental triggers associated with Type 1 DM | |Envirnomental triggers associated with Type 1 DM | ||
| | | | ||
* Congenital rubella | * [[Congenital rubella]] | ||
* Maternal entero-viral infection | * Maternal entero-viral infection | ||
* Cesarean section | * Cesarean section | ||
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* Older maternal age | * Older maternal age | ||
* Low maternal intake of vegetables | * Low maternal intake of vegetables | ||
* Enteroviral infection | * [[Enterovirus|Enteroviral infection]] | ||
* Frequent respiratory or enteric infections | * Frequent respiratory or enteric infections | ||
* Abnormal microbiome | * Abnormal microbiome | ||
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* Overweight or increased height velocity | * Overweight or increased height velocity | ||
* High glycemic load, fructose intake | * High glycemic load, fructose intake | ||
* Dietary nitrates or nitrosamines | * Dietary [[nitrates]] or nitrosamines | ||
* Puberty | * Puberty | ||
* Steroid treatment | * Steroid treatment | ||
* Insulin resistance | * [[Insulin resistance]] | ||
* Psychological stress | * Psychological stress | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* Islet cell autoantibodies | * Islet cell autoantibodies | ||
* Activated lymphocytes in the islets, peripancreatic lymph nodes, and systemic circulation | * Activated lymphocytes in the islets, peripancreatic lymph nodes, and systemic circulation | ||
* T lymphocytes that proliferate when stimulated with islet proteins | * [[T lymphocytes]] that proliferate when stimulated with islet proteins | ||
* Release of cytokines within the insulitis | * Release of [[cytokines]] within the insulitis | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 22:13, 27 December 2016
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
There are no established causes for type 1 DM. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors.
Causes
The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:
Type 1 Diabetes causes | |
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Genes associated with Type 1 DM | Candidate genes assoicated with type 1 diabetes are:
PTPN22, IL10, AFF3, IFIH1, STAT4, CTLA4, CCR5, IL21, IL2, IL7R, BACH2, TNFAIP3, TAGAP, IKZF1, GLIS3, IL2RA, PRKCQ, NRP1, INS, BAD, CD69, ITGB7, ERBB3, CYP27B1, SH2B3, GPR183, DLK1, RASGRP1, CTSH, CLEC16A, IL27, ORMDL3, PTPN2, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, and UBASK3A |
Envirnomental triggers associated with Type 1 DM |
|
Immunologic factors associated with Type 1 DM |
|
References
- ↑ Pociot F, Lernmark Å (2016). "Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes". Lancet. 387 (10035): 2331–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7. PMID 27302272.
- ↑ Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S; et al. (2016). "Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes". J Diabetes. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12483. PMID 27625010.
- ↑ Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.
- ↑ Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.
- ↑ Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.
- ↑ Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM (2016). "Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future". Can J Diabetes. 40 (6): 586–593. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002. PMID 27545597.
- ↑ Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A (2015). "Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes". J Theor Biol. 383: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032. PMC 4567915. PMID 26271890.
- ↑ Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M (2014). "General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes". Pediatr Res. 75 (1–1): 45–50. doi:10.1038/pr.2013.167. PMID 24105410.