Diabetes mellitus type 1 causes

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Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:

Type 1 Diabetes causes
Genes associated with Type 1 DM
Envirnomental triggers associated with Type 1DM	Congenital rubella Maternal entero-viral infection Cesarean section Higher birth weight Older maternal age Low maternal intake of vegetables Enteroviral infection Frequent respiratory or enteric infections Abnormal microbiome Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk Infant weight gain Serious life events Persistent or recurrent entero-viral infections Overweight or increased height velocity High glycemic load, fructose intake Dietary nitrates or nitrosamines Puberty Steroid treatment Insulin resistance Psychological stress
Immunologic factors associated with Type 1 DM	Islet cell autoantibodies Activated lymphocytes in the islets, peripancreatic lymph nodes, and systemic circulation T lymphocytes that proliferate when stimulated with islet proteins Release of cytokines within the insulitis

The exact cause is unknown, but most likely there is a viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible people that causes an immune reaction. The body's white blood cells mistakenly attack the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. There are several forms of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is called juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults.

Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells, called beta cells, in the pancreas. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, these cells produce little or no insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. This leads to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes. Within 5 - 10 years, the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are completely destroyed and the body can no longer produce insulin.