Hepatitis E epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Developed Countries== | ==Developed Countries== | ||
Small outbreaks and individuals cases of hepatitis E are often related to consumption of undercook pork, shellfish, as well as to blood transfusions.<ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16623913">{{cite journal| author=Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, Pratt G, Adams D, Ijaz S et al.| title=Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a 'nonhyperendemic' country. | journal=Transfus Med | year= 2006 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 79-83 | pmid=16623913 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00652.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16623913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18651907">{{cite journal| author=Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H, Takahashi K, Shindo M, Kato M et al.| title=A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route. | journal=Transfusion | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 1368-75 | pmid=18651907 | doi=10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01722.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18651907 }} </ref> The rate of anti-[[HEV]] [[antibodies]] is lower than in developing countries. <ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref> | Small outbreaks and individuals cases of hepatitis E are often related to consumption of undercook pork, shellfish, as well as to blood transfusions.<ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16623913">{{cite journal| author=Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, Pratt G, Adams D, Ijaz S et al.| title=Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a 'nonhyperendemic' country. | journal=Transfus Med | year= 2006 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 79-83 | pmid=16623913 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00652.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16623913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18651907">{{cite journal| author=Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H, Takahashi K, Shindo M, Kato M et al.| title=A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route. | journal=Transfusion | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 1368-75 | pmid=18651907 | doi=10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01722.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18651907 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18983248">{{cite journal| author=Wichmann O, Schimanski S, Koch J, Kohler M, Rothe C, Plentz A et al.| title=Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 198 | issue= 12 | pages= 1732-41 | pmid=18983248 | doi=10.1086/593211 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18983248 }} </ref> The rate of anti-[[HEV]] [[antibodies]] is lower than in developing countries. <ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref> | ||
==Developing Countries== | ==Developing Countries== | ||
Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an [[epidemic]] disease. It is often caused by [[genotype]]s 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).<ref name="pmid18192058">{{cite journal| author=Purcell RH, Emerson SU| title=Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= 494-503 | pmid=18192058 | doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192058 }} </ref> Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.<ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref> | Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an [[epidemic]] disease. It is often caused by [[genotype]]s 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).<ref name="pmid18192058">{{cite journal| author=Purcell RH, Emerson SU| title=Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= 494-503 | pmid=18192058 | doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192058 }} </ref> Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.<ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref> |
Revision as of 22:00, 27 August 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Prevalence
Incidence
Age
The rate of anti-HEV antibodies increases with age. According to a survey conducted in the US from 1988 to 1994, this rate can range from 10% (6 to 10 years) to 40% (>60 years).[1]
Gender
Women have a minimally smaller rate of anti-HEV antibodies (20.4%) than men (21.6%).[2]
Pregnant Women
Although pregnant women have the same exposure to the virus as other people, due to their micronutrient status and cytokine levels, they are more prone to the severe form of the disease. [3]
Race
After adjusting to age, the rate of anti-HEV antibodies was noted to be higher in non-hispanic whites (22.1%) than among blacks (14.5%).[1]
Developed Countries
Small outbreaks and individuals cases of hepatitis E are often related to consumption of undercook pork, shellfish, as well as to blood transfusions.[3][4][5][6] The rate of anti-HEV antibodies is lower than in developing countries. [3]
Developing Countries
Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an epidemic disease. It is often caused by genotypes 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).[7] Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, Engle RE, Wasley A, Nelson KE (2009). "Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". J Infect Dis. 200 (1): 48–56. doi:10.1086/599319. PMC 2762746. PMID 19473098.
- ↑ Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia NS, Ijaz S, Izopet J; et al. (2012). "Hepatitis E." Lancet. 379 (9835): 2477–88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61849-7. PMID 22549046.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH (2012). "Hepatitis E." N Engl J Med. 367 (13): 1237–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204512. PMID 23013075.
- ↑ Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, Pratt G, Adams D, Ijaz S; et al. (2006). "Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a 'nonhyperendemic' country". Transfus Med. 16 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00652.x. PMID 16623913.
- ↑ Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H, Takahashi K, Shindo M, Kato M; et al. (2008). "A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route". Transfusion. 48 (7): 1368–75. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01722.x. PMID 18651907.
- ↑ Wichmann O, Schimanski S, Koch J, Kohler M, Rothe C, Plentz A; et al. (2008). "Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany". J Infect Dis. 198 (12): 1732–41. doi:10.1086/593211. PMID 18983248.
- ↑ Purcell RH, Emerson SU (2008). "Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease". J Hepatol. 48 (3): 494–503. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008. PMID 18192058.