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[[Diabetes management]]|[[Diabetic diet]]|[[Anti-diabetic drugs]]|[[Conventional insulinotherapy]]|[[Intensive insulinotherapy]]
[[Diabetes management]]|[[Diabetic diet]]|[[Anti-diabetic drug]]|[[Conventional insulinotherapy]]|[[Intensive insulinotherapy]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:49, 14 September 2011

Diabetes mellitus Main page

Patient Information

Type 1
Type 2

Overview

Classification

Diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Gestational diabetes

Differential Diagnosis

Complications

Screening

Diagnosis

Prevention

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]

Overview

Treatment and Management

Diabetes mellitus is currently a chronic disease, without a cure, and medical emphasis must necessarily be on managing/avoiding possible short-term as well as long-term diabetes-related problems. There is an exceptionally important role for patient education, dietetic support, sensible exercise, self glucose monitoring, with the goal of keeping both short-term blood glucose levels, and long term levels as well, within acceptable bounds. Careful control is needed to reduce the risk of long term complications. This is theoretically achievable with combinations of diet, exercise and weight loss (type 2), various oral diabetic drugs (type 2 only), and insulin use (type 1 and increasingly for type 2 not responding to oral medications). In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications should be undertaken to control blood pressure[1] and cholesterol by exercising more, smoking cessation, consuming an appropriate diet, wearing diabetic socks, and if necessary, taking any of several drugs to reduce pressure. Many Type 1 treatments include the combination use of regular or NPH insulin, and/or synthetic insulin analogs such as Humalog, Novolog or Apidra; the combination of Lantus/Levemir and Humalog, Novolog or Apidra. Another Type 1 treatment option is the use of the insulin pump with the some of most popular pump brands being: Cozmo, Animas, Medtronic Minimed, and Omnipod.

In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care of a patient in a team approach. Optometrists, podiatrists/chiropodists, dietitians, physiotherapists, clinical nurse specialists (eg, Certified Diabetes Educators and DSNs (Diabetic Specialist Nurse)), or nurse practitioners may jointly provide multidisciplinary expertise. In countries where patients must provide their own health care, the impact of out-of-pocket costs of diabetic care can be high. In addition to the medications and supplies needed, patients are often advised to receive regular consultation from a physician (e.g., at least every three to six months).

Cure

Cures for type 1 diabetes

There is no practical cure now for type 1 diabetes. The fact that type 1 diabetes is due to the failure of one of the cell types of a single organ with a relatively simple function (i.e. the failure of the islets of Langerhans) has led to the study of several possible schemes to cure this form diabetes mostly by replacing the pancreas or just the beta cells.[2] Only those type 1 diabetics who have received either a pancreas or a kidney-pancreas transplant (when they have developed diabetic nephropathy) and become insulin-independent may now be considered "cured" from their diabetes. A simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant is a promising solution, showing similar or improved survival rates over a kidney transplant alone. [3]Still, they generally remain on long-term immunosuppressive drugs and there is a possibility that the immune system will mount a host versus graft response against the transplanted organ.[2]

Transplants of exogenous beta cells have been performed experimentally in both mice and humans, but this measure is not yet practical in regular clinical practice. Thus far, like any such transplant, it has provoked an immune reaction and long-term immunosuppressive drugs will be needed to protect the transplanted tissue.[4] An alternative technique has been proposed to place transplanted beta cells in a semi-permeable container, isolating and protecting them from the immune system. Stem cell research has also been suggested as a potential avenue for a cure since it may permit regrowth of Islet cells which are genetically part of the treated individual, thus perhaps eliminating the need for immuno-suppressants.[2] A 2007 trial of 15 newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes treated with stem cells raised from their own bone marrow after immune suppression showed that the majority did not require any insulin treatment for prolonged periods of time.[5]

Microscopic or nanotechnological approaches are under investigation as well, in one proposed case with implanted stores of insulin metered out by a rapid response valve sensitive to blood glucose levels. At least two approaches have been demonstrated in vitro. These are, in some sense, closed-loop insulin pumps.

Cures for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes can be cured by one type of gastric bypass surgery in 80-100% of severely obese patients. The effect is not due to weight loss because it usually occurs within days of surgery, which is before significant weight loss occurs. The pattern of secretion of gastrointestinal hormones is changed by the bypass and removal of the duodenum and proximal jejunum, which together form the upper (proximal) part of the small intestine.[6] One hypothesis is that the proximal small intestine is dysfunctional in type 2 diabetes; its removal eliminates the source of an unknown hormone that contributes to insulin resistance.[7] This surgery has been widely performed on morbidly obese patients and has the benefit of reducing the death rate from all causes by up to 40%.[8] A small number of normal to moderately obese patients with type 2 diabetes have successfully undergone similar operations.[9][10]

Diabetes management|Diabetic diet|Anti-diabetic drug|Conventional insulinotherapy|Intensive insulinotherapy

References

  1. Adler, A.I. (2000). "Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study". BMJ. 321 (7258): 412–419. ISSN 0959-8146. PMID 10938049. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Vinik AI, Fishwick DT, Pittenger G (2004). "Advances in diabetes for the millennium: toward a cure for diabetes". MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine. 6 (3 Suppl): 12. PMID 15647717.
  3. Stratta RJ, Alloway RR. (1998). "Pancreas transplantation for diabetes mellitus: a guide to recipient selection and optimum immunosuppression". BioDrugs. 10 (5): 347–357. PMID 18020607.
  4. Shapiro AM, Ricordi C, Hering BJ; et al. (2006). "International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (13): 1318–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061267. PMID 17005949.
  5. Voltarelli, JC (2007). "Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus". JAMA. 297 (14): 1568–76. PMID 17426276. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  6. Rubino, F (2002). "Potential of surgery for curing type 2 diabetes mellitus". Ann. Surg. 236 (5): 554–9. ISSN 0003-4932. PMID 12409659. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  7. Rubino, F (2006). "The mechanism of diabetes control after gastrointestinal bypass surgery reveals a role of the proximal small intestine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes". Ann. Surg. 244 (5): 741–9. PMID 17060767. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  8. Adams, TD (2007). "Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 753–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066603. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 17715409. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  9. Cohen, RV (2007). "Duodenal-jejunal bypass for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with body mass index of 22-34 kg/m2: a report of 2 cases". Surg Obes Relat Dis. 3 (2): 195–7. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2007.01.009. PMID 17386401. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  10. Vasonconcelos, Alberto (2007-09-01). "Could type 2 diabetes be reversed using surgery?". New Scientist (2619): 11–13. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Check date values in: |date= (help)

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