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{{drugbox
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{AJ}}
|genericName=Auranofin
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=antirheumatic, gold compound and musculoskeletal agent
|indicationType=treatment
|indication=adults with active classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
|adverseReactions=[[pruritus]], [[rash]], [[diarrhea]], [[indigestion]], [[loss of appetite]], [[nausea]], [[stomatitis]], [[conjunctivitis]], [[proteinuria]]
|blackBoxWarningTitle=WARNING
|blackBoxWarningBody=* RIDAURA® (auranofin) contains gold and, like other gold-containing drugs, can cause gold toxicity, signs of which include: fall in hemoglobin, leukopenia below 4,000 WBC/cu mm, granulocytes below 1,500/cu mm, decrease in platelets below 150,000/cu mm, proteinuria, hematuria, pruritus, rash, stomatitis or persistent diarrhea. Therefore, the results of recommended laboratory work (See PRECAUTIONS) should be reviewed before writing each RIDAURA prescription. Like other gold preparations, RIDAURA is only indicated for use in selected patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Physicians planning to use RIDAURA should be experienced with chrysotherapy and should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the toxicity and benefits of RIDAURA.
 
* In addition, the following precautions should be routinely employed:
 
* The possibility of adverse reactions should be explained to patients before starting therapy.
* Patients should be advised to report promptly any symptoms suggesting toxicity.
|fdaLIADAdult=* RIDAURA (auranofin) is indicated in the management of adults with active classical or definite [[rheumatoid arthritis]] (ARA criteria) who have had an insufficient therapeutic response to, or are intolerant of, an adequate trial of full doses of one or more [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]. RIDAURA should be added to a comprehensive baseline program, including non-drug therapies.
 
* Unlike [[anti-inflammatory drugs]], RIDAURA does not produce an immediate response. Therapeutic effects may be seen after three to four months of treatment, although improvement has not been seen in some patients before six months.
 
* When cartilage and bone damage has already occurred, gold cannot reverse structural damage to joints caused by previous disease. The greatest potential benefit occurs in patients with active synovitis, particularly in its early stage.
 
* In controlled clinical trials comparing RIDAURA with injectable gold, RIDAURA was associated with fewer dropouts due to adverse reactions, while injectable gold was associated with fewer dropouts for inadequate or poor therapeutic effect. Physicians should consider these findings when deciding on the use of RIDAURA in patients who are candidates for [[chrysotherapy]].
 
====Dosing Information====
 
=====Usual Adult Dosage:=====
 
* The usual adult dosage of RIDAURA (auranofin) is 6 mg daily, given either as 3 mg twice daily or 6 mg once daily. Initiation of therapy at dosages exceeding 6 mg daily is not recommended because it is associated with an increased incidence of [[diarrhea]]. If response is inadequate after six months, an increase to 9 mg (3 mg three times daily) may be tolerated. If response remains inadequate after a three-month trial of 9 mg daily, RIDAURA therapy should be discontinued. Safety at dosages exceeding 9 mg daily has not been studied.
 
=====Transferring from Injectable [[Gold]]:=====
 
* In controlled clinical studies, patients on injectable gold have been transferred to RIDAURA (auranofin) by discontinuing the injectable agent and starting oral therapy with RIDAURA, 6 mg daily. When patients are transferred to RIDAURA, they should be informed of its adverse reaction profile, in particular the gastrointestinal reactions. (See PRECAUTIONS— INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS.) At six months, control of disease activity of patients transferred to RIDAURA and those maintained on the injectable agent was not different. Data beyond six months are not available.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
 
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
 
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
 
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
|fdaLIADPed=There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Contraindications-->
|contraindications=* RIDAURA (auranofin) is contraindicated in patients with a history of any of the following [[gold]]-induced disorders: [[anaphylactic]] reactions, [[necrotizing enterocolitis]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[exfoliative dermatitis]], [[bone marrow aplasia]] or other severe [[hematologic]] disorders.
|warnings=* Danger signs of possible gold toxicity include fall in [[hemoglobin]], [[leukopenia]] below 4,000 WBC/cu mm, [[granulocytes]] below 1,500/cu mm, decrease in [[platelets]] below 150,000/cu mm, [[proteinuria]], [[hematuria]], [[pruritus]], [[rash]], [[stomatitis]] or persistent [[diarrhea]].
 
* [[Thrombocytopenia]] has occurred in 1–3% of patients treated with RIDAURA (auranofin), some of whom developed [[bleeding]]. The [[thrombocytopenia]] usually appears to be peripheral in origin and is usually reversible upon withdrawal of RIDAURA. Its onset bears no relationship to the duration of RIDAURA therapy and its course may be rapid. While patients' [[platelet counts]] should normally be monitored at least monthly, the occurrence of a precipitous decline in [[platelets]] or a [[platelet count]] less than 100,000/cu mm or signs and symptoms (e.g., [[purpura]], [[ecchymoses]] or [[petechiae]]) suggestive of [[thrombocytopenia]] indicates a need to immediately withdraw RIDAURA and other therapies with the potential to cause [[thrombocytopenia]], and to obtain additional platelet counts. No additional RIDAURA should be given unless the [[thrombocytopenia]] resolves and further studies show it was not due to [[gold]] therapy.
 
* [[Proteinuria]] has developed in 3-9% of patients treated with RIDAURA. If clinically significant [[proteinuria]] or [[microscopic hematuria]] is found, RIDAURA and other therapies with the potential to cause [[proteinuria]] or [[microscopic hematuria]] should be stopped immediately.
 
====PRECAUTIONS====
 
=====General=====
 
* The safety of concomitant use of RIDAURA (auranofin) with injectable gold, [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[penicillamine]], [[immunosuppressive]] agents (e.g., [[cyclophosphamide]], [[azathioprine]], or [[methotrexate]]) or high doses of [[corticosteroids]] has not been established.
 
* Medical problems that might affect the signs or symptoms used to detect RIDAURA toxicity should be under control before starting RIDAURA (auranofin).
 
* The potential benefits of using RIDAURA in patients with progressive renal disease, significant [[hepatocellular]] disease, [[inflammatory bowel disease]], skin [[rash]] or history of bone marrow depression should be weighed against 1) the potential risks of [[gold toxicity]] on organ systems previously compromised or with decreased reserve, and 2) the difficulty in quickly detecting and correctly attributing the toxic effect.
 
* The following adverse reactions have been reported with the use of gold preparations and require modification of RIDAURA treatment or additional monitoring. See ADVERSE REACTIONS for the approximate incidence of those reactions specifically reported with RIDAURA.
 
=====[[Gastrointestinal]] Reactions:=====
 
* [[Gastrointestinal]] reactions reported with [[gold]] therapy include diarrhea/loose stools, [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[anorexia]] and [[abdominal cramps]]. The most common reaction to RIDAURA is [[diarrhea]]/ loose [[stools]] reported in approximately 50% of the patients. This is generally manageable by reducing the dosage (e.g., from 6 mg daily to 3 mg) and in only 6% of the patients is it necessary to discontinue RIDAURA (auranofin) permanently. [[Ulcerative enterocolitis]] is a rare serious gold reaction. Therefore, patients with [[gastrointestinal]] symptoms should be monitored for the appearance of [[gastrointestinal bleeding]].
 
=====[[Cutaneous]] Reactions:=====
 
* Dermatitis is the most common reaction to injectable gold therapy and the second most common reaction to RIDAURA. Any eruption, especially if [[pruritic]], that develops during treatment should be considered a gold reaction until proven otherwise. [[Pruritus]] often exists before dermatitis becomes apparent, and therefore should be considered to be a warning signal of a [[cutaneous]] reaction. Gold dermatitis may be aggravated by exposure to sunlight or an [[actinic rash]] may develop. The most serious form of cutaneous reaction reported with injectable gold is generalized [[exfoliative dermatitis]].
 
=====Mucous Membrane Reactions:=====
 
* [[Stomatitis]], another common gold reaction, may be manifested by shallow [[ulcers]] on the buccal membranes, on the borders of the tongue, and on the [[palate]] or in the [[pharynx]]. [[Stomatitis]] may occur as the only adverse reaction or with a [[dermatitis]]. Sometimes diffuse [[glossitis]] or [[gingivitis]] develops. A [[metallic taste]] may precede these oral [[mucous membrane]] reactions and should be considered a warning signal.
 
=====Renal Reactions:=====
 
* Gold can produce a nephrotic syndrome or glomerulitis with proteinuria and hematuria. These renal reactions are usually relatively mild and subside completely if recognized early and treatment is discontinued. They may become severe and chronic if treatment is continued after the onset of the reaction. Therefore it is important to perform urinalyses regularly and to discontinue treatment promptly if proteinuria or hematuria develops.
 
=====Hematologic Reactions:=====
 
* Blood dyscrasias including leukopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia have all been reported as reactions to injectable gold and RIDAURA. These reactions may occur separately or in combination at anytime during treatment. Because they have potentially serious consequences, blood dyscrasias should be constantly watched for through regular monitoring (at least monthly) of the formed elements of the blood throughout treatment.
 
=====Miscellaneous Reactions:=====
 
* Rare reactions attributed to gold include cholestatic jaundice; gold bronchitis and interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis; peripheral neuropathy; partial or complete hair loss; fever.
 
=====Information for Patients:=====
 
* Patients should be advised of the possibility of toxicity from RIDAURA and of the signs and symptoms that they should report promptly. (Patient information sheets are available.)
 
* Women of childbearing potential should be warned of the potential risks of RIDAURA therapy during pregnancy (See PRECAUTIONS— PREGNANCY).
 
=====Laboratory Tests:=====
 
* CBC with differential, platelet count, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests should be performed prior to RIDAURA (auranofin) therapy to establish a baseline and to identify any preexisting conditions.
 
* CBC with differential, platelet count and urinalysis should then be monitored at least monthly; other parameters should be monitored as appropriate.
|clinicalTrials=* The adverse reactions incidences listed below are based on observations of 1) 4,784 RIDAURA treated patients in clinical trials (2,474 U.S., 2,310 foreign), of whom 2,729 were treated more than one year and 573 for more than three years; and 2) postmarketing experience. The highest incidence is during the first six months of treatment; however, reactions can occur after many months of therapy. With rare exceptions, all patients were on concomitant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy; some of them were also taking low dosages of corticosteroids.
 
====Reactions occurring in more than 1% of RIDAURA-treated patients====
 
=====Gastrointestinal:=====
 
* Loose stools or diarrhea (47%); abdominal pain (14%); nausea with or without vomiting (10%); constipation; anorexia*; flatulence*; dyspepsia*; dysgeusia.
 
=====Dermatological:=====
 
* Rash (24%); pruritus (17%); hair loss; urticaria.
 
=====Mucous Membrane:=====
 
* Stomatitis (13%); conjunctivitis*; glossitis.
 
=====Hematological:=====
 
* Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia
 
=====Renal:=====
 
* Proteinuria, hematuria
 
=====Hepatic:=====
 
* Elevated liver enzymes.
 
* Reactions marked with an asterisk occurred in 3-9% of the patients. The other reactions listed occurred in 1-3%.
 
====Reactions occurring in less than 1% of RIDAURA-treated patients====
 
=====Gastrointestinal:=====
 
* Dysphagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, melena, positive stool for occult blood, ulcerative enterocolitis
 
=====Dermatological:=====
 
* Angioedema.
 
=====Mucous Membrane:=====
 
* Gingivitis†.
 
=====Hematological:=====
 
* Aplastic anemia; neutropenia; agranulocytosis; pure red cell aplasia; pancytopenia.
 
=====Hepatic:=====
 
* Jaundice.
 
=====Respiratory:=====
 
* Interstitial pneumonitis.
 
=====Neurological:=====
 
* Peripheral neuropathy.
 
=====Ocular:=====
 
* Gold deposits in the lens or cornea unassociated clinically with eye disorders or visual impairment.
 
* † Reactions marked with a dagger occurred in 0.1-1% of the patients. The other reactions listed occurred in less than 0.1%.
 
====Reactions reported with injectable gold preparations, but not with RIDAURA (auranofin) (based on clinical trials and on postmarketing experience)====
 
=====Cutaneous Reactions:=====
 
* Generalized exfoliative dermatitis.
 
[[File:Auranofin adverse reaction table.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
|drugInteractions=* In a single patient-report, there is the suggestion that concurrent administration of RIDAURA and phenytoin may have increased phenytoin blood levels.
|FDAPregCat=C
|useInPregnancyFDA=* Use of RIDAURA (auranofin) by pregnant women is not recommended. Furthermore, women of childbearing potential should be warned of the potential risks of RIDAURA therapy during pregnancy. (See below.)
 
* Pregnant rabbits given auranofin at doses of 0.5, 3 or 6 mg/kg/day (4.2 to 50 times the human dose) had impaired food intake, decreased maternal weights, decreased fetal weights and an increase above controls in the incidence of resorptions, abortions and congenital abnormalities, mainly abdominal defects such as gastroschisis and umbilical hernia. Pregnant rats given auranofin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (42 times the human dose) had an increase above controls in the incidence of resorptions and a decrease in litter size and weight linked to maternal toxicity. No such effects were found in rats given 2.5 mg/kg/day (21 times the human dose).
 
* Pregnant mice given auranofin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (42 times the human dose) had no teratogenic effects.
 
* There are no adequate and well-controlled RIDAURA studies in pregnant women.
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
 
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInNursing=* Nursing during RIDAURA therapy is not recommended.
 
* Following auranofin administration to rats and mice, gold is excreted in milk. Following the administration of injectable gold, gold appears in the milk of nursing women; human data on auranofin are not available.
|useInPed=* RIDAURA (auranofin) is not recommended for use in pediatric patients because its safety and effectiveness have not been established.
|useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
 
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration=* Oral
|monitoring======Gastrointestinal Reactions:=====
 
* Gastrointestinal reactions reported with gold therapy include diarrhea/loose stools, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal cramps. The most common reaction to RIDAURA is diarrhea/ loose stools reported in approximately 50% of the patients. This is generally manageable by reducing the dosage (e.g., from 6 mg daily to 3 mg) and in only 6% of the patients is it necessary to discontinue RIDAURA (auranofin) permanently. Ulcerative enterocolitis is a rare serious gold reaction. Therefore, patients with gastrointestinal symptoms should be monitored for the appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding.
 
=====Hematologic Reactions:=====
 
* Blood dyscrasias including leukopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia have all been reported as reactions to injectable gold and RIDAURA. These reactions may occur separately or in combination at anytime during treatment. Because they have potentially serious consequences, blood dyscrasias should be constantly watched for through regular monitoring (at least monthly) of the formed elements of the blood throughout treatment.
 
=====Laboratory Tests:=====
 
* CBC with differential, platelet count, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests should be performed prior to RIDAURA (auranofin) therapy to establish a baseline and to identify any preexisting conditions.
 
* CBC with differential, platelet count and urinalysis should then be monitored at least monthly; other parameters should be monitored as appropriate.
|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--Overdosage-->
|overdose=* The acute oral LD50 for auranofin is 310 mg/kg in adult mice and 265 mg/ kg in adult rats. The minimum lethal dose in rats is 30 mg/kg.
 
* In case of acute overdosage, immediate induction of emesis or gastric lavage and appropriate supportive therapy are recommended.
 
* RIDAURA overdosage experience is limited. A 50-year-old female, previously on 6 mg RIDAURA daily, took 27 mg (9 capsules) daily for 10 days and developed an encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. RIDAURA was discontinued and she eventually recovered.
 
* There has been no experience with treating RIDAURA overdosage with modalities such as chelating agents. However, they have been used with injectable gold and may be considered for RIDAURA overdosage.
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 458781657
| IUPAC_name = gold(+1) cation; 3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6- (acetyloxymethyl) oxane-2-thiolate; triethylphosphanium
| IUPAC_name = gold(+1) cation; 3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6- (acetyloxymethyl) oxane-2-thiolate; triethylphosphanium
| image = Auranofin-2D-skeletal.png
| image = Auranofin2DCSD.png
| image2 = Auranofin-3D-balls.png
| image2 = Auranofin-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
 
<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename = Ridaura
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CDI|auranofin}}
| MedlinePlus = a685038
| pregnancy_AU = B3
| pregnancy_US = C
| pregnancy_category = 
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_status = 
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|Oral]]
 
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = 40%<ref name = kin>{{cite journal|last=Kean|first=WF|author2=Hart, L |author3=Buchanan, WW |title=Auranofin.|journal=British Journal of Rheumatology|date=May 1997|volume=36|issue=5|pages=560-72|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/36.5.560|pmid=9189058|url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/5/560.full.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name = MSR>{{cite web|title=Ridaura (auranofin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|accessdate=13 March 2014|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ridaura-auranofin-343186#showall}}</ref>
| protein_bound =  60%<ref name = kin/><ref name = MSR/>
| metabolism = Plasma membrane of the cell removes the acetyl groups of the glucose moiety.
| elimination_half-life =  21-31 hours<ref name = kin/><ref name = MSR/>
| excretion = Urine (60%), faeces<ref name = kin/><ref name = MSR/>
 
<!--Identifiers-->
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 34031-32-8
| CAS_number = 34031-32-8
| ATC_prefix = M01
| ATC_prefix = M01
| ATC_suffix = CB03
| ATC_suffix = CB03
| ATC_supplemental =  
| ATC_supplemental =
| PubChem = 6333901
| PubChem = 6333901
| DrugBank = APRD00808
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| C=20 | H=35 | Au=1 | O=9 | P=1 | S=1 | charge=+
| ChEBI = 2922
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00995
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 21229878
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 3H04W2810V
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00237
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1366
 
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=20 | H=35 | Au=1 | O=9 | P=1 | S=1 | charge = +  
| molecular_weight = 679.493 g/mol
| molecular_weight = 679.493 g/mol
| bioavailability =  
| smiles = CC(=O)O[C@H]1O[C@@H](S[Au]P(CC)(CC)CC)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)C1OC(C)=O
| protein_bound =  
| InChI = 1/C13H18O9S.C6H15P.Au/c1-5(14)18-9-10(19-6(2)15)12(21-8(4)17)22-13(23)11(9)20-7(3)16;1-4-7(5-2)6-3;/h9-13,23H,1-4H3;4-6H2,1-3H3;/t9-,10?,11+,12-,13-;;/m0../s1/rC19H33AuO9PS/c1-8-30(9-2,10-3)20-31-19-17(27-13(6)23)15(25-11(4)21)16(26-12(5)22)18(29-19)28-14(7)24/h15-19,30H,8-10H2,1-7H3/t15-,16?,17+,18-,19-/m0/s1
| metabolism =  
| InChIKey = JCUNAWURTWIACY-QHRKUSKDBZ
| elimination_half-life =  
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| excretion =  
| StdInChI = 1S/C13H18O9S.C6H15P.Au/c1-5(14)18-9-10(19-6(2)15)12(21-8(4)17)22-13(23)11(9)20-7(3)16;1-4-7(5-2)6-3;/h9-13,23H,1-4H3;4-6H2,1-3H3;/t9-,10?,11+,12-,13-;;/m0../s1
| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X -->
| StdInChIKey = JCUNAWURTWIACY-YHEXQHTOSA-N
| pregnancy_category =  
| legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S4 / S8 -->
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL / P / POM / CD -->
| legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only -->
| legal_status =  
| routes_of_administration =  
}}
}}
{{main|Gold salts}}
|mechAction=* The mechanism of action of RIDAURA (auranofin) is not understood. In patients with adult rheumatoid arthritis, RIDAURA may modify disease activity as manifested by synovitis and associated symptoms, and reflected by laboratory parameters such as ESR. There is no substantial evidence, however, that gold-containing compounds induce remission of rheumatoid arthritis.
'''Auranofin''' is a [[Gold salts|organogold compound]] classified by the [[World Health Organization]] as an [[antirheumatic agent]].
 
Pharmacotheraputic class:
<!--Structure-->
Auranofin is an organogold compound classified by the World Health Organization as an antirheumatic agent
|structure=* RIDAURA (auranofin) is available in oral form as capsules containing 3 mg auranofin.
==Pharmacokinetics==
 
Auranofin is administered orally  25% of the gold in an orally administered dose of auranofin is absorbed from the GI tract. The drug is metabolized rapidly; unchanged auranofin does not appear in the blood following oral administration. Auranofin may undergo rapid deacetylation within the GI mucosa before absorption.
* Auranofin is (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-ß-D-glucopyranosato-S-) (triethyl–phosphine) gold.
Peak blood gold concentrations of 0.025 mcg/ml are usually obtained within 2 hours following oral administration. Following multiple dosing, steady state is achieved within 8—12 weeks, although 13—16 weeks of therapy may be required in some patients. The mean steady-state gold concentrations in the blood of patients taking auranofin 6 mg daily was 0.68 +/- 0.45 mcg/ml. The mean blood-gold concentrations are proportional to dose, but no correlation between concentrations and either safety or efficacy has been established. Blood gold concentrations are generally higher than serum or plasma gold concentrations because the gold is sequestered with circulating cells. Gold distributes widely throughout the body and is found in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, adrenals, liver, and kidneys. Auranofin is approximately 60% plasma protein-bound, and gold appears to cross the placenta and to be distributed in breast milk in animals.
 
Approximately 60% of an auranofin dose is excreted in the urine, and the remainder is excreted in the feces. The elimination half-life of auranofin following cumulative dosing is 26 days (blood) and 80 days (tissues).
* Auranofin contains 29% gold and has the following chemical structure:
 
[[File:Auranofin structure.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
|PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
|PK=* Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rheumatoid arthritis patients, not in normal volunteers. Auranofin is rapidly metabolized and intact auranofin has never been detected in the blood. Thus, studies of the pharmacokinetics of auranofin have involved measurement of gold concentrations. Approximately 25% of the gold in auranofin is absorbed.
 
* The mean terminal plasma half-life of auranofin gold at steady state was 26 days (range 21 to 31 days; n=5). The mean terminal body half-life was 80 days (range 42 to 128; n=5). Approximately 60% of the absorbed gold (15% of the administered dose) from a single dose of auranofin is excreted in urine; the remainder is excreted in the feces.
 
* In clinical studies, steady state blood-gold concentrations are achieved in about three months. In patients on 6 mg auranofin/day, mean steady state blood-gold concentrations were 0.68 ±0.45 mcg/mL (n=63 patients). In blood, approximately 40% of auranofin gold is associated with red cells, and 60% associated with serum proteins. In contrast, 99% of injectable gold is associated with serum proteins.
 
* Mean blood-gold concentrations are proportional to dose; however, no correlation between blood-gold concentrations and safety or efficacy has been established.
|nonClinToxic======Carcinogenesis/Mutagenesis:=====
 
* In a 24-month study in rats, animals treated with auranofin at 0.4, 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg/day orally (3, 8 or 21 times the human dose) or gold sodium thiomalate at 2 or 6 mg/kg injected twice weekly (4 or 12 times the human dose) were compared to untreated control animals.
 
* There was a significant increase in the frequency of renal tubular cell karyomegaly and cytomegaly and renal adenoma in the animals treated with 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg/day of auranofin and 2 or 6 mg/kg twice weekly of gold sodium thiomalate. Malignant renal epithelial tumors were seen in the 1.0 mg/kg/day and the 2.5 mg/kg/day auranofin and in the 6 mg/kg twice weekly gold sodium thiomalate–treated animals.


===Pill Images===
* In a 12-month study, rats treated with auranofin at 23 mg/kg/day (192 times the human dose) developed tumors of the renal tubular epithelium, whereas those treated with 3.6 mg/ kg/day (30 times the human dose) did not.
{{TempDrugImages}}
 
{{PillImage|fileName=RIDAURA_NDC_654830093.jpg|drugName=RIDAURA|NDC=654830093|drugAuthor=Prometheus Laboratories Inc.|ingredients=auranofin[auranofin]|pillImprint=RIDAURA|dosageValue=mg|dosageUnit=|pillColor=Brown|pillShape=Capsule|pillSize=14|pillScore=1}}
* In an 18-month study in mice given oral auranofin at doses of 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg/day (8, 24 and 72 times the human dose), there was no statistically significant increase above controls in the instances of tumors.
 
* In the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, auranofin at high concentrations (313 to 700 ng/mL) induced increases in the mutation frequencies in the presence of a rat liver microsomal preparation. Auranofin produced no mutation effects in the Ames test (Salmonella), in the in vitro assay (Forward and Reverse Mutation Inducement Assay with Saccharomyces), in the in vitro transformation of BALB/T3 cell mouse assay or in the Dominant Lethal Assay.
|clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--How Supplied-->
|howSupplied=Capsules, containing 3 mg auranofin, in bottles of 60.
 
NDC 65483-093-06
 
REVISED January 2011
 
©2007 Prometheus Laboratories Inc.
All rights reserved.
 
RIDAURA is a registered trademark of Prometheus Laboratories Inc.
 
Manufactured for:
Prometheus Laboratories Inc.
San Diego, CA 92121-4203
 
RI002E
|storage=* Store between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F). Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.
|packLabel======Principal Display Panel – 3 mg Bottle Label=====
 
3 mg NDC 65483-093-06
 
Ridaura®
Auranofin Capsules


60 Capsules


==Mechanism of Action==
[[File:Auranofin drug lable.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
Auranofin contains 29% gold. Like other gold compounds, auranofin exhibits antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. Gold compounds are known as disease-modifying drugs. Auranofin may modify disease activity; reduced synovitis and ESR may occur. No substantial evidence, however, exists to support induction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remission by gold-containing compounds. Gold cannot reverse existing structural damage; best efficacy may occur in patients with active synovitis.
|fdaPatientInfo=There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
The mechanism of the antiarthritic effects of auranofin is unknown. Auranofin appears to induce heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA. Heme oxygenase 1 is an inducible heme-degrading enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties. Induction of HO-1 appears to suppress inflammatory responses in patients with RA. Auranofin incubation of synovial cells from patients with RA led to HO-1 expression induction in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, cells incubated with auranofin had significantly suppressed TNFalpha mRNA expression and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Expression levels of TNFalpha mRNA and COX-2 protein were negatively correlated with the level of HO-1 protein. The impact of HO-1 induction inhibition by use of a HO-1 small interfering RNA was examined. Incubation of the cell lines with auranofin and HO-1 small interfering RNA reduced the induction of HO-1 mRNA as compared with incubation of the cells with only auranofin. Further, the TNF alpha mRNA concentration in the presence of HO-1 small interfering RNA was similar to the control value. Thus, auranofin appears to induce HO-1 mRNA, which reduces TNF alpha mRNA expression.  
Clinical applications:
Gold compounds, which accumulate slowly in the body and, over time, reduce inflammation, especially related to rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, membranous nephritis, lupus erythematosus and, infrequently, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).
Dosage forms &administration:
Auranofin is administered as 2 x 3mg tablets daily, initially in divided doses then as a single daily dose if tolerated. If response is inadequate after 4-6 months this may be increased to 3mg three times a day. If there is no response after a further 3 months the treatment should be discontinued.
Auranofin tablets should be taken with or just after food.
Contraindications:
• Most Significant
Chronic Heart Failure, Diabetes Mellitus, Disease of Liver, Exfoliative Dermatitis, Hepatitis, Hypertension, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Pregnancy, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Renal Disease
• Significant
Blood Dyscrasias, Colitis, Eczema, Leukopenia, Neutropenic Disorder, Severe Debilitation, Sjogren's Syndrome, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Thrombocytopenic Disorder, Urticaria


<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.


<!--Brand Names-->
|brandNames=* Ridaura®
|drugShortage=
}}
{{PillImage|fileName=RIDAURA_NDC_654830093.jpg|drugName=RIDAURA|NDC=654830093|drugAuthor=Prometheus Laboratories Inc.|ingredients=auranofin[auranofin]|pillImprint=RIDAURA|dosageValue=mg|dosageUnit=|pillColor=Brown|pillShape=Capsule|pillSize=14|pillScore=1}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
<!--Pill Image-->


==DRUG INTERACTIONS==
Auranofin should be avoided by patients with a history of serious reaction to any gold medication, including Solganal and Myochrysine. Auranofin should not be used together with penicillamine, another arthritis medication. It should also be avoided in patients with blood, liver or kidney diseases, recent radiation treatment, or uncontrolled diabetes. Patients should report to their practitioners any new rashes, itching, mouth sores, or unusual taste while taking auranofin. Gold is excreted slowly from the body. Safety and effectiveness in children has not been established.
===PREGNANCY===
Auranofin shouldn't be used during pregnancy. women of child bearing potential shouldn't be treated with auranofin without balancing full consideration of the  benefits of the  treatment against the potential risk of teratogenicity.
===NURSING MOTHERS===
It has been found in the breast milk of nursing mothers.


==SIDE EFFECTS==
 Abdominal Pain with Cramps, Anorexia, Conjunctivitis, Diarrhea, Flatulence, Nausea, Proteinuria, Pruritus of Skin, Skin Rash, Stomatitis, Vomiting
 less frequent
Alopecia, Constipation, Dysgeusia, Eosinophilia, Glossitis, Hematuria, Leukopenia, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Disorder, Urticaria
 Rare:
Agranulocytosis, Anemia, Angioedema, Aplastic Anemia, Dysphagia, Erythroblastic Anemia, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, Gingivitis, Hepatitis, Hypoplastic Anemia, Interstitial Pneumonitis, Jaundice, Pancytopenia, Peripheral Neuropathy, Ulcerative Enterocolitis
Precautions:
 Proteinuria: Transient mild proteinuria is common. If urinalysis reveals protein >1+ or blood >1+ perform MSSU. If negative, perform 24hr urine collection and if >0.5g protein discontinue Auranofin and refer to Specialist.
 Diarrhoea: May be reduced by adding fibre to the diet. Discontinue therapy if severe or persistent.
 Rash: often non-specific erythematous, dry and itchy – may occur early in therapy especially when full doses are given from the start. Antihistamines, steroid cover, or temporary reduction of dose will control urticarial reactions. Discontinue auranofin and refer to Specialist if toxicity suspected.
 Mouth ulcers / Stomatitis: If mild consider mouthwashes. If persistent or severe discontinue auranofin and refer to Specialist.
 Dyspnoea: Pulmonary complications are rare but potentially serious – refer to Specialist.
 Contraception / Pregnancy: Auranofin should not be administered to patients who are pregnant and therapy should be stopped when pregnancy is confirmed or suspected. Significant amounts of gold are excreted in breast milk and therefore lactating mothers should not breast feed their infants.


<!--Label Display Image-->




==See also==
* [[Aurothioglucose]]
* [[Disodium aurothiomalate]]
* [[Sodium aurothiomalate]]


==External links==
* {{MedlinePlusDrugInfo|medmaster|a685038}}
* [http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002048.html Cochrane review - "Auranofin versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis"]
* {{cite journal | author = Jeon K, Byun M, Jue D | title = Gold compound auranofin inhibits IkappaB kinase (IKK) by modifying Cys-179 of IKKbeta subunit. | journal = Exp Mol Med | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 61-6 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12754408}}
* {{cite journal | author = Kim I, Jin J, Lee I, Park S | title = Auranofin induces apoptosis and when combined with retinoic acid enhances differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells ''in vitro''. | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 142 | issue = 4 | pages = 749-55 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15159275}}
* {{cite journal | author = Venardos K, Harrison G, Headrick J, Perkins A | title = Auranofin increases apoptosis and ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat isolated heart. | journal = Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol | volume = 31 | issue = 5-6 | pages = 289-94 | year = | id = PMID 15191400}}
* {{cite journal | author = Hafejee A, Winhoven S, Coulson I | title = Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate responding to oral auranofin. | journal = J Dermatolog Treat | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 331-2 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15370403}}
* {{cite journal | author = Rigobello M, Folda A, Baldoin M, Scutari G, Bindoli A | title = Effect of auranofin on the mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. Role of thioredoxin reductase. | journal = Free Radic Res | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 687-95 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 16036347}}


[[Category:Gold compounds]]
[[Category:Immunosuppressive agents]]


{{pharma-stub}}
<!--Category-->
{{Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products}}


[[de:Auranofin]]
[[Category:Drug]]

Latest revision as of 02:05, 7 August 2015

Auranofin
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Adeel Jamil, M.D. [2]

Disclaimer

WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.

Black Box Warning

WARNING
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
* RIDAURA® (auranofin) contains gold and, like other gold-containing drugs, can cause gold toxicity, signs of which include: fall in hemoglobin, leukopenia below 4,000 WBC/cu mm, granulocytes below 1,500/cu mm, decrease in platelets below 150,000/cu mm, proteinuria, hematuria, pruritus, rash, stomatitis or persistent diarrhea. Therefore, the results of recommended laboratory work (See PRECAUTIONS) should be reviewed before writing each RIDAURA prescription. Like other gold preparations, RIDAURA is only indicated for use in selected patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Physicians planning to use RIDAURA should be experienced with chrysotherapy and should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the toxicity and benefits of RIDAURA.
  • In addition, the following precautions should be routinely employed:
  • The possibility of adverse reactions should be explained to patients before starting therapy.
  • Patients should be advised to report promptly any symptoms suggesting toxicity.

Overview

Auranofin is a antirheumatic, gold compound and musculoskeletal agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of adults with active classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include pruritus, rash, diarrhea, indigestion, loss of appetite, nausea, stomatitis, conjunctivitis, proteinuria.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

  • RIDAURA (auranofin) is indicated in the management of adults with active classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (ARA criteria) who have had an insufficient therapeutic response to, or are intolerant of, an adequate trial of full doses of one or more nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. RIDAURA should be added to a comprehensive baseline program, including non-drug therapies.
  • Unlike anti-inflammatory drugs, RIDAURA does not produce an immediate response. Therapeutic effects may be seen after three to four months of treatment, although improvement has not been seen in some patients before six months.
  • When cartilage and bone damage has already occurred, gold cannot reverse structural damage to joints caused by previous disease. The greatest potential benefit occurs in patients with active synovitis, particularly in its early stage.
  • In controlled clinical trials comparing RIDAURA with injectable gold, RIDAURA was associated with fewer dropouts due to adverse reactions, while injectable gold was associated with fewer dropouts for inadequate or poor therapeutic effect. Physicians should consider these findings when deciding on the use of RIDAURA in patients who are candidates for chrysotherapy.

Dosing Information

Usual Adult Dosage:
  • The usual adult dosage of RIDAURA (auranofin) is 6 mg daily, given either as 3 mg twice daily or 6 mg once daily. Initiation of therapy at dosages exceeding 6 mg daily is not recommended because it is associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea. If response is inadequate after six months, an increase to 9 mg (3 mg three times daily) may be tolerated. If response remains inadequate after a three-month trial of 9 mg daily, RIDAURA therapy should be discontinued. Safety at dosages exceeding 9 mg daily has not been studied.
Transferring from Injectable Gold:
  • In controlled clinical studies, patients on injectable gold have been transferred to RIDAURA (auranofin) by discontinuing the injectable agent and starting oral therapy with RIDAURA, 6 mg daily. When patients are transferred to RIDAURA, they should be informed of its adverse reaction profile, in particular the gastrointestinal reactions. (See PRECAUTIONS— INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS.) At six months, control of disease activity of patients transferred to RIDAURA and those maintained on the injectable agent was not different. Data beyond six months are not available.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Auranofin in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Auranofin in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Auranofin in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Auranofin in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Auranofin in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Warnings

WARNING
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
* RIDAURA® (auranofin) contains gold and, like other gold-containing drugs, can cause gold toxicity, signs of which include: fall in hemoglobin, leukopenia below 4,000 WBC/cu mm, granulocytes below 1,500/cu mm, decrease in platelets below 150,000/cu mm, proteinuria, hematuria, pruritus, rash, stomatitis or persistent diarrhea. Therefore, the results of recommended laboratory work (See PRECAUTIONS) should be reviewed before writing each RIDAURA prescription. Like other gold preparations, RIDAURA is only indicated for use in selected patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Physicians planning to use RIDAURA should be experienced with chrysotherapy and should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the toxicity and benefits of RIDAURA.
  • In addition, the following precautions should be routinely employed:
  • The possibility of adverse reactions should be explained to patients before starting therapy.
  • Patients should be advised to report promptly any symptoms suggesting toxicity.
  • Thrombocytopenia has occurred in 1–3% of patients treated with RIDAURA (auranofin), some of whom developed bleeding. The thrombocytopenia usually appears to be peripheral in origin and is usually reversible upon withdrawal of RIDAURA. Its onset bears no relationship to the duration of RIDAURA therapy and its course may be rapid. While patients' platelet counts should normally be monitored at least monthly, the occurrence of a precipitous decline in platelets or a platelet count less than 100,000/cu mm or signs and symptoms (e.g., purpura, ecchymoses or petechiae) suggestive of thrombocytopenia indicates a need to immediately withdraw RIDAURA and other therapies with the potential to cause thrombocytopenia, and to obtain additional platelet counts. No additional RIDAURA should be given unless the thrombocytopenia resolves and further studies show it was not due to gold therapy.

PRECAUTIONS

General
  • Medical problems that might affect the signs or symptoms used to detect RIDAURA toxicity should be under control before starting RIDAURA (auranofin).
  • The potential benefits of using RIDAURA in patients with progressive renal disease, significant hepatocellular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, skin rash or history of bone marrow depression should be weighed against 1) the potential risks of gold toxicity on organ systems previously compromised or with decreased reserve, and 2) the difficulty in quickly detecting and correctly attributing the toxic effect.
  • The following adverse reactions have been reported with the use of gold preparations and require modification of RIDAURA treatment or additional monitoring. See ADVERSE REACTIONS for the approximate incidence of those reactions specifically reported with RIDAURA.
Gastrointestinal Reactions:
Cutaneous Reactions:
  • Dermatitis is the most common reaction to injectable gold therapy and the second most common reaction to RIDAURA. Any eruption, especially if pruritic, that develops during treatment should be considered a gold reaction until proven otherwise. Pruritus often exists before dermatitis becomes apparent, and therefore should be considered to be a warning signal of a cutaneous reaction. Gold dermatitis may be aggravated by exposure to sunlight or an actinic rash may develop. The most serious form of cutaneous reaction reported with injectable gold is generalized exfoliative dermatitis.
Mucous Membrane Reactions:
Renal Reactions:
  • Gold can produce a nephrotic syndrome or glomerulitis with proteinuria and hematuria. These renal reactions are usually relatively mild and subside completely if recognized early and treatment is discontinued. They may become severe and chronic if treatment is continued after the onset of the reaction. Therefore it is important to perform urinalyses regularly and to discontinue treatment promptly if proteinuria or hematuria develops.
Hematologic Reactions:
  • Blood dyscrasias including leukopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia have all been reported as reactions to injectable gold and RIDAURA. These reactions may occur separately or in combination at anytime during treatment. Because they have potentially serious consequences, blood dyscrasias should be constantly watched for through regular monitoring (at least monthly) of the formed elements of the blood throughout treatment.
Miscellaneous Reactions:
  • Rare reactions attributed to gold include cholestatic jaundice; gold bronchitis and interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis; peripheral neuropathy; partial or complete hair loss; fever.
Information for Patients:
  • Patients should be advised of the possibility of toxicity from RIDAURA and of the signs and symptoms that they should report promptly. (Patient information sheets are available.)
  • Women of childbearing potential should be warned of the potential risks of RIDAURA therapy during pregnancy (See PRECAUTIONS— PREGNANCY).
Laboratory Tests:
  • CBC with differential, platelet count, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests should be performed prior to RIDAURA (auranofin) therapy to establish a baseline and to identify any preexisting conditions.
  • CBC with differential, platelet count and urinalysis should then be monitored at least monthly; other parameters should be monitored as appropriate.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • The adverse reactions incidences listed below are based on observations of 1) 4,784 RIDAURA treated patients in clinical trials (2,474 U.S., 2,310 foreign), of whom 2,729 were treated more than one year and 573 for more than three years; and 2) postmarketing experience. The highest incidence is during the first six months of treatment; however, reactions can occur after many months of therapy. With rare exceptions, all patients were on concomitant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy; some of them were also taking low dosages of corticosteroids.

Reactions occurring in more than 1% of RIDAURA-treated patients

Gastrointestinal:
  • Loose stools or diarrhea (47%); abdominal pain (14%); nausea with or without vomiting (10%); constipation; anorexia*; flatulence*; dyspepsia*; dysgeusia.
Dermatological:
  • Rash (24%); pruritus (17%); hair loss; urticaria.
Mucous Membrane:
  • Stomatitis (13%); conjunctivitis*; glossitis.
Hematological:
  • Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia
Renal:
  • Proteinuria, hematuria
Hepatic:
  • Elevated liver enzymes.
  • Reactions marked with an asterisk occurred in 3-9% of the patients. The other reactions listed occurred in 1-3%.

Reactions occurring in less than 1% of RIDAURA-treated patients

Gastrointestinal:
  • Dysphagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, melena, positive stool for occult blood, ulcerative enterocolitis
Dermatological:
  • Angioedema.
Mucous Membrane:
  • Gingivitis†.
Hematological:
  • Aplastic anemia; neutropenia; agranulocytosis; pure red cell aplasia; pancytopenia.
Hepatic:
  • Jaundice.
Respiratory:
  • Interstitial pneumonitis.
Neurological:
  • Peripheral neuropathy.
Ocular:
  • Gold deposits in the lens or cornea unassociated clinically with eye disorders or visual impairment.
  • † Reactions marked with a dagger occurred in 0.1-1% of the patients. The other reactions listed occurred in less than 0.1%.

Reactions reported with injectable gold preparations, but not with RIDAURA (auranofin) (based on clinical trials and on postmarketing experience)

Cutaneous Reactions:
  • Generalized exfoliative dermatitis.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Auranofin Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

  • In a single patient-report, there is the suggestion that concurrent administration of RIDAURA and phenytoin may have increased phenytoin blood levels.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): C

  • Use of RIDAURA (auranofin) by pregnant women is not recommended. Furthermore, women of childbearing potential should be warned of the potential risks of RIDAURA therapy during pregnancy. (See below.)
  • Pregnant rabbits given auranofin at doses of 0.5, 3 or 6 mg/kg/day (4.2 to 50 times the human dose) had impaired food intake, decreased maternal weights, decreased fetal weights and an increase above controls in the incidence of resorptions, abortions and congenital abnormalities, mainly abdominal defects such as gastroschisis and umbilical hernia. Pregnant rats given auranofin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (42 times the human dose) had an increase above controls in the incidence of resorptions and a decrease in litter size and weight linked to maternal toxicity. No such effects were found in rats given 2.5 mg/kg/day (21 times the human dose).
  • Pregnant mice given auranofin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (42 times the human dose) had no teratogenic effects.
  • There are no adequate and well-controlled RIDAURA studies in pregnant women.


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Auranofin in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Auranofin during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • Nursing during RIDAURA therapy is not recommended.
  • Following auranofin administration to rats and mice, gold is excreted in milk. Following the administration of injectable gold, gold appears in the milk of nursing women; human data on auranofin are not available.

Pediatric Use

  • RIDAURA (auranofin) is not recommended for use in pediatric patients because its safety and effectiveness have not been established.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Auranofin with respect to geriatric patients.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Auranofin with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Auranofin with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Auranofin in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Auranofin in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Auranofin in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Auranofin in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Oral

Monitoring

Gastrointestinal Reactions:
  • Gastrointestinal reactions reported with gold therapy include diarrhea/loose stools, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal cramps. The most common reaction to RIDAURA is diarrhea/ loose stools reported in approximately 50% of the patients. This is generally manageable by reducing the dosage (e.g., from 6 mg daily to 3 mg) and in only 6% of the patients is it necessary to discontinue RIDAURA (auranofin) permanently. Ulcerative enterocolitis is a rare serious gold reaction. Therefore, patients with gastrointestinal symptoms should be monitored for the appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hematologic Reactions:
  • Blood dyscrasias including leukopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia have all been reported as reactions to injectable gold and RIDAURA. These reactions may occur separately or in combination at anytime during treatment. Because they have potentially serious consequences, blood dyscrasias should be constantly watched for through regular monitoring (at least monthly) of the formed elements of the blood throughout treatment.
Laboratory Tests:
  • CBC with differential, platelet count, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests should be performed prior to RIDAURA (auranofin) therapy to establish a baseline and to identify any preexisting conditions.
  • CBC with differential, platelet count and urinalysis should then be monitored at least monthly; other parameters should be monitored as appropriate.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Auranofin in the drug label.

Overdosage

  • The acute oral LD50 for auranofin is 310 mg/kg in adult mice and 265 mg/ kg in adult rats. The minimum lethal dose in rats is 30 mg/kg.
  • In case of acute overdosage, immediate induction of emesis or gastric lavage and appropriate supportive therapy are recommended.
  • RIDAURA overdosage experience is limited. A 50-year-old female, previously on 6 mg RIDAURA daily, took 27 mg (9 capsules) daily for 10 days and developed an encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. RIDAURA was discontinued and she eventually recovered.
  • There has been no experience with treating RIDAURA overdosage with modalities such as chelating agents. However, they have been used with injectable gold and may be considered for RIDAURA overdosage.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Template:Px
Auranofin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
gold(+1) cation; 3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6- (acetyloxymethyl) oxane-2-thiolate; triethylphosphanium
Identifiers
CAS number 34031-32-8
ATC code M01CB03
PubChem 6333901
DrugBank DB00995
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox+
Mol. mass 679.493 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 40%[1][2]
Protein binding 60%[1][2]
Metabolism Plasma membrane of the cell removes the acetyl groups of the glucose moiety.
Half life 21-31 hours[1][2]
Excretion Urine (60%), faeces[1][2]
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

B3(AU) C(US)

Legal status

Prescription Only (S4)(AU) POM(UK) [[Prescription drug|Template:Unicode-only]](US)

Routes Oral

Mechanism of Action

  • The mechanism of action of RIDAURA (auranofin) is not understood. In patients with adult rheumatoid arthritis, RIDAURA may modify disease activity as manifested by synovitis and associated symptoms, and reflected by laboratory parameters such as ESR. There is no substantial evidence, however, that gold-containing compounds induce remission of rheumatoid arthritis.

Structure

  • RIDAURA (auranofin) is available in oral form as capsules containing 3 mg auranofin.
  • Auranofin is (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-ß-D-glucopyranosato-S-) (triethyl–phosphine) gold.
  • Auranofin contains 29% gold and has the following chemical structure:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Auranofin in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rheumatoid arthritis patients, not in normal volunteers. Auranofin is rapidly metabolized and intact auranofin has never been detected in the blood. Thus, studies of the pharmacokinetics of auranofin have involved measurement of gold concentrations. Approximately 25% of the gold in auranofin is absorbed.
  • The mean terminal plasma half-life of auranofin gold at steady state was 26 days (range 21 to 31 days; n=5). The mean terminal body half-life was 80 days (range 42 to 128; n=5). Approximately 60% of the absorbed gold (15% of the administered dose) from a single dose of auranofin is excreted in urine; the remainder is excreted in the feces.
  • In clinical studies, steady state blood-gold concentrations are achieved in about three months. In patients on 6 mg auranofin/day, mean steady state blood-gold concentrations were 0.68 ±0.45 mcg/mL (n=63 patients). In blood, approximately 40% of auranofin gold is associated with red cells, and 60% associated with serum proteins. In contrast, 99% of injectable gold is associated with serum proteins.
  • Mean blood-gold concentrations are proportional to dose; however, no correlation between blood-gold concentrations and safety or efficacy has been established.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis/Mutagenesis:
  • In a 24-month study in rats, animals treated with auranofin at 0.4, 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg/day orally (3, 8 or 21 times the human dose) or gold sodium thiomalate at 2 or 6 mg/kg injected twice weekly (4 or 12 times the human dose) were compared to untreated control animals.
  • There was a significant increase in the frequency of renal tubular cell karyomegaly and cytomegaly and renal adenoma in the animals treated with 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg/day of auranofin and 2 or 6 mg/kg twice weekly of gold sodium thiomalate. Malignant renal epithelial tumors were seen in the 1.0 mg/kg/day and the 2.5 mg/kg/day auranofin and in the 6 mg/kg twice weekly gold sodium thiomalate–treated animals.
  • In a 12-month study, rats treated with auranofin at 23 mg/kg/day (192 times the human dose) developed tumors of the renal tubular epithelium, whereas those treated with 3.6 mg/ kg/day (30 times the human dose) did not.
  • In an 18-month study in mice given oral auranofin at doses of 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg/day (8, 24 and 72 times the human dose), there was no statistically significant increase above controls in the instances of tumors.
  • In the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, auranofin at high concentrations (313 to 700 ng/mL) induced increases in the mutation frequencies in the presence of a rat liver microsomal preparation. Auranofin produced no mutation effects in the Ames test (Salmonella), in the in vitro assay (Forward and Reverse Mutation Inducement Assay with Saccharomyces), in the in vitro transformation of BALB/T3 cell mouse assay or in the Dominant Lethal Assay.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Auranofin in the drug label.

How Supplied

Capsules, containing 3 mg auranofin, in bottles of 60.

NDC 65483-093-06

REVISED January 2011

©2007 Prometheus Laboratories Inc. All rights reserved.

RIDAURA is a registered trademark of Prometheus Laboratories Inc.

Manufactured for: Prometheus Laboratories Inc. San Diego, CA 92121-4203

RI002E

Storage

  • Store between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F). Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

Principal Display Panel – 3 mg Bottle Label

3 mg NDC 65483-093-06

Ridaura® Auranofin Capsules

60 Capsules

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

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Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Auranofin in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Auranofin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

  • Ridaura®

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Auranofin Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kean, WF; Hart, L; Buchanan, WW (May 1997). "Auranofin" (PDF). British Journal of Rheumatology. 36 (5): 560–72. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/36.5.560. PMID 9189058.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Ridaura (auranofin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

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