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|-
|-
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 1''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 1''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Localized tumor
* Localized [[tumor]]
* Complete gross excision
* Complete gross [[excision]]
* Ipsilateral lymph nodes involvement negative under microscopic examination
* [[Ipsilateral]] [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] involvement negative under [[microscopic examination]]
|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 2A''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 2A''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Localized tumor
* Localized [[tumor]]
* Incomplete gross resection
* Incomplete gross [[resection]]
* Ipsilateral lymph nodes involvement negative under microscopic examination
* [[Ipsilateral]] [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] involvement negative under [[microscopic examination]]
|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 2B''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 2B''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Localized tumor
* Localized [[tumor]]
* Complete or incomplete gross resection
* Complete or incomplete gross [[resection]]
* Ipsilateral lymph nodes involvement positive under microscopic examination
* [[Ipsilateral]] [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] involvement positive under [[microscopic examination]]
* Enlarged contralateral lymph nodes but with negative involvement under microscopic examination
* Enlarged [[contralateral]] [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] but with negative involvement under [[microscopic examination]]


|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 3''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 3''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Localized unilateral tumor with contralateral lymph nodes involvement positive under microscopic examination
* Localized unilateral [[tumor]] with [[contralateral]] [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] involvement positive under [[microscopic examination]]
<center>'''or'''</center>
<center>'''or'''</center>
* Unresectable unilateral tumor infiltrating across the midline with positive or negative regional lymph node involvement
* Unresectable unilateral [[tumor]] infiltrating across the midline with positive or negative regional [[lymph node]] involvement
<center>'''or'''</center>
<center>'''or'''</center>
* Unresectable midline tumor with bilateral infiltration or lymph node involvement
* Unresectable midline [[tumor]] with [[bilateral]] [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] or [[lymph node]] involvement


|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 4''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 4''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Metastasis of the tumor to distant lymph nodes
* [[Metastasis]] of the [[tumor]] to distant [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]]
* Metastasis of the tumor to liver, skin, bone and/or other organs (except as defined by Stage 4S)
* [[Metastasis]] of the [[tumor]] to [[liver]], [[skin]], [[bone]] and/or other [[organs]] (except as defined by Stage 4S)


|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 4S''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage 4S''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Limited to infants <1 year of age
* Limited to [[Infant|infants]] <1 year of [[age]]
* Localized primary tumor (as defined for stage 1, 2A, or 2B)
* Localized primary [[tumor]] (as defined for stage 1, 2A, or 2B)
* Metastasis of the tumor '''limited''' to skin, liver and/or bone marrow
* [[Metastasis]] of the [[tumor]] '''limited''' to [[skin]], [[liver]] and/or [[bone marrow]]
* Bone marrow involvement in stage 4S should be '''minimal''' (<10% of total nucleated cells identified as malignant on bone marrow biopsy)
* [[Bone marrow]] involvement in stage 4S should be '''minimal''' (<10% of total nucleated cells identified as [[malignant]] on [[bone marrow]] [[biopsy]])
|}
|}


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| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage L1'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage L1'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Localized disease without image-defined risk factors
* Localized [[disease]] without image-defined [[Risk factor|risk factors]]
|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage L2''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage L2''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Localized disease with image-defined risk factors
* Localized [[disease]] with image-defined [[Risk factor|risk factors]]


|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage M''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage M''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Metastatic disease
* [[Metastatic disease]]


|-
|-


| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage MS''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="center" |'''Stage MS''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5" align="left" |
* Metastatic disease '''limited''' to skin, liver and/or bone marrow  
* [[Metastatic disease]] '''limited''' to [[skin]], [[liver]] and/or [[bone marrow]]
* Bone marrow involvement in stage MS should be '''minimal''' (<10% of total nucleated cells identified as malignant on bone marrow biopsy)
* [[Bone marrow]] involvement in stage MS should be '''minimal''' (<10% of total nucleated cells identified as [[malignant]] on [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow biopsy]])
|}
|}


==Risk Stratification==
==Risk Stratification==
===Children's Oncology Group Risk Stratification===
===Children's Oncology Group Risk Stratification===
* Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system determines the protocol of management used for neuroblastoma patients.<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>
* Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system determines the protocol of management used for neuroblastoma [[Patient|patients]].<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>
* Neuroblastoma patients are risk stratified into a low risk group, intermediate risk groups, and a high risk group based on the INSS stage, the patient's age, histological grade, and the amplification of ''MYCN'' gene.<ref name="pmid22248965">{{cite journal| author=Davidoff AM| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Semin Pediatr Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-14 | pmid=22248965 | doi=10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2011.10.009 | pmc=PMC3261589 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22248965  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21736987">{{cite journal| author=Colon NC, Chung DH| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Adv Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 297-311 | pmid=21736987 | doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011 | pmc=PMC3668791 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21736987  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
* Neuroblastoma [[Patient|patients]] are risk stratified into a low risk group, intermediate risk groups, and a high risk group based on the INSS stage, the [[Patient|patient's]] [[age]], [[histological grade]], and the [[amplification]] of ''MYCN'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid22248965">{{cite journal| author=Davidoff AM| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Semin Pediatr Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-14 | pmid=22248965 | doi=10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2011.10.009 | pmc=PMC3261589 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22248965  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21736987">{{cite journal| author=Colon NC, Chung DH| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Adv Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 297-311 | pmid=21736987 | doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011 | pmc=PMC3668791 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21736987  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
  | author = [[Nadja C. Colon]] & [[Dai H. Chung]]
  | author = [[Nadja C. Colon]] & [[Dai H. Chung]]
  | title = Neuroblastoma
  | title = Neuroblastoma
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<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
* '''INSS stage 1'''<br>
* '''INSS stage 1'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of age'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of molecular pathway'''</div>}}
*'''Irrespective of molecular pathway'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | C01 |-|+|-| B01 | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:center">'''Low risk neuroblastoma patients (group 1)'''</div>|B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 |-|+|-| B01 | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:center">'''Low risk neuroblastoma patients (group 1)'''</div>|B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INSS stage 2A/2B (>50% resected)'''<br>
*'''INSS stage 2A/2B (>50% resected)'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of age'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 4S'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 4S'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Favorable histology'''<br>
*'''Favorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 2A/2B (<50% resected)'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 2A/2B (<50% resected)'''<br>
*'''0-12 years of age'''<br>
*'''0-12 years of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| B01 | | | | ||B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| B01 | | | | ||B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Favorable histology'''<br>
*'''Favorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 3'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 3'''<br>
*'''1-12 years of age'''<br>
*'''1-12 years of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Favorable histology'''<br>
*'''Favorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''Symptomatic INNS stage 4S'''<br>
*'''Symptomatic INNS stage 4S'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Favorable histology'''<br>
*'''Favorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
* '''INSS stage 3'''<br>
* '''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index=1'''<br>
*'''DNA index=1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | C01 |-|+|-| B01 | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:center">'''Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 3)'''</div>|B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 |-|+|-| B01 | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:center">'''Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 3)'''</div>|B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INSS stage 4'''<br>
*'''INSS stage 4'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Favorable histology'''<br>
*'''Favorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''DNA index >1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 4S'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 4S'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index=1'''<br>
*'''DNA index=1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
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<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
* '''INSS stage 4'''<br>
* '''INSS stage 4'''<br>
*'''<365 days of age'''<br>
*'''<365 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''DNA index=1'''<br>
*'''[[DNA]] index=1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 |-|+|-| B01 | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:center">'''Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 4)'''</div>|B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 |-|+|-| B01 | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:center">'''Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 4)'''</div>|B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''365-547 days of age'''<br>
*'''365-547 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 4'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 4'''<br>
*'''365-547 days of age'''<br>
*'''365-547 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Favorable histology'''<br>
*'''Favorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index>1'''<br>
*'''[[DNA]] index>1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}
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<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 2A/2B, Stage 3 , Stage 4 or Stage 4S'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 2A/2B, Stage 3 , Stage 4 or Stage 4S'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of age'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective of grade'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' amplified'''</div>}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| B01 | | | | ||B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| B01 | | | | ||B01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''INSS stage 3'''<br>
*'''>547 days of age'''<br>
*'''>547 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
{{familytree | | | | | C01 |-|(| | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:1em;text-align:center">'''High risk neuroblastoma patients (group 5)'''</div> | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | C01 |-|(| | | | | |C01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:1em;text-align:center">'''High risk neuroblastoma [[patients]] (group 5)'''</div> | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |)|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 4'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 4'''<br>
*'''365-547 days of age'''<br>
*'''365-547 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable histology'''<br>
*'''Unfavorable [[histology]]'''<br>
*'''DNA index=1'''<br>
*'''[[DNA]] index=1'''<br>
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
*'''''MYCN'' not amplified'''</div>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |`|-| C02 | | | | | | |C02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''INNS stage 4'''<br>
*'''INNS stage 4'''<br>
*'''>547 days of age'''<br>
*'''>547 days of [[age]]'''<br>
*'''Irrespective grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective grade'''<br>
*'''Irrespective ''MYCN'' amplification state'''</div>}}
*'''Irrespective ''MYCN'' [[amplification]] state'''</div>}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}


Latest revision as of 15:15, 4 March 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2] Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[3]

Overview

According to the conventional International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS), there are 6 stages of neuroblastoma based on the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastasis. However, according to a newly proposed International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS), there are four stages of neuroblastoma based on the extent of dissemination and image findings. Neuroblastoma patients are risk stratified according to the Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system into a low risk group, an intermediate risk group, and a high risk group based on the tumor INSS stage, the patient's age, tumor grade, and the amplification of MYCN gene.

Neuroblastoma Staging

International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS)

  • According to the conventional International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS), there are 6 stages of neuroblastoma based on the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastasis.[1][2][3][4][5]
Stage Description
Stage 1
Stage 2A
Stage 2B
Stage 3
or
  • Unresectable unilateral tumor infiltrating across the midline with positive or negative regional lymph node involvement
or
Stage 4
Stage 4S

International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS)

According to a newly proposed International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS), there are four stages of neuroblastoma based on the extent of dissemination and image findings.[2][6][7][8]

Stage Description
Stage L1
Stage L2
Stage M
Stage MS

Risk Stratification

Children's Oncology Group Risk Stratification


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 1
  • Irrespective of age
  • Irrespective of grade
  • Irrespective of molecular pathway
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Low risk neuroblastoma patients (group 1)
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 2A/2B (>50% resected)
  • Irrespective of age
  • Irrespective of grade
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 4S
  • <365 days of age
  • Favorable histology
  • DNA index >1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 2A/2B (<50% resected)
  • 0-12 years of age
  • Irrespective of grade
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 3
  • <365 days of age
  • Favorable histology
  • DNA index >1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 3
  • 1-12 years of age
  • Favorable histology
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • Symptomatic INNS stage 4S
  • <365 days of age
  • Favorable histology
  • DNA index >1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 3
  • <365 days of age
  • Unfavorable histology
  • DNA index=1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 3)
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 4
  • <365 days of age
  • Favorable histology
  • DNA index >1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 4S
  • <365 days of age
  • Unfavorable histology
  • DNA index=1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 4
  • <365 days of age
  • Unfavorable histology
  • DNA index=1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients (group 4)
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 3
  • 365-547 days of age
  • Unfavorable histology
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 4
  • 365-547 days of age
  • Favorable histology
  • DNA index>1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 2A/2B, Stage 3 , Stage 4 or Stage 4S
  • Irrespective of age
  • Irrespective of grade
  • MYCN amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INSS stage 3
  • >547 days of age
  • Unfavorable histology
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High risk neuroblastoma patients (group 5)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 4
  • 365-547 days of age
  • Unfavorable histology
  • DNA index=1
  • MYCN not amplified
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • INNS stage 4
  • >547 days of age
  • Irrespective grade
  • Irrespective MYCN amplification state
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Davidoff AM (2012). "Neuroblastoma". Semin Pediatr Surg. 21 (1): 2–14. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2011.10.009. PMC 3261589. PMID 22248965.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Colon NC, Chung DH (2011). "Neuroblastoma". Adv Pediatr. 58 (1): 297–311. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011. PMC 3668791. PMID 21736987.
  3. ↑ H. Shimada, S. Umehara, Y. Monobe, Y. Hachitanda, A. Nakagawa, S. Goto, R. B. Gerbing, D. O. Stram, J. N. Lukens & K. K. Matthay (2001). "International neuroblastoma pathology classification for prognostic evaluation of patients with peripheral neuroblastic tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group". Cancer. 92 (9): 2451–2461. PMID 11745303. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ D. de Sa (2000). "Neuroblastoma classification". Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 3 (5): 506–507. PMID 10890940. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ S. Goto, S. Umehara, R. B. Gerbing, D. O. Stram, G. M. Brodeur, R. C. Seeger, J. N. Lukens, K. K. Matthay & H. Shimada (2001). "Histopathology (International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification) and MYCN status in patients with peripheral neuroblastic tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group". Cancer. 92 (10): 2699–2708. PMID 11745206. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Susan L. Cohn, Andrew D. J. Pearson, Wendy B. London, Tom Monclair, Peter F. Ambros, Garrett M. Brodeur, Andreas Faldum, Barbara Hero, Tomoko Iehara, David Machin, Veronique Mosseri, Thorsten Simon, Alberto Garaventa, Victoria Castel & Katherine K. Matthay (2009). "The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 27 (2): 289–297. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6785. PMID 19047291. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Tom Monclair, Garrett M. Brodeur, Peter F. Ambros, Herve J. Brisse, Giovanni Cecchetto, Keith Holmes, Michio Kaneko, Wendy B. London, Katherine K. Matthay, Jed G. Nuchtern, Dietrich von Schweinitz, Thorsten Simon, Susan L. Cohn & Andrew D. J. Pearson (2009). "The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) staging system: an INRG Task Force report". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 27 (2): 298–303. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6876. PMID 19047290. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Sidharth Mahapatra & Kishore B.. Challagundla (2018). "Cancer, Neuroblastoma". PMID 28846355. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015
  10. ↑ Nadja C. Colon & Dai H. Chung (2011). "Neuroblastoma". Advances in pediatrics. 58 (1): 297–311. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011. PMID 21736987.


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