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==Overview==
==Overview==
The [[kidneys]] normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium. This may result from disorders such as [[acute kidney failure]], [[chronic kidney failure]] and [[glomerulonephritis]].
The [[kidneys]] normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] occur in disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium. This may result from disorders such as [[acute kidney failure]], [[chronic kidney failure]] and [[glomerulonephritis]].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium.  
* The [[kidneys]] normally remove excess [[potassium]] from the body
Common risk factors
* Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] are due to  [[disorders]] that reduce the [[kidneys]]' ability to get rid of [[potassium]] <ref name="pmid18839206">{{cite journal| author=Wang WH, Giebisch G| title=Regulation of potassium (K) handling in the renal collecting duct. | journal=Pflugers Arch | year= 2009 | volume= 458 | issue= 1 | pages= 157-68 | pmid=18839206 | doi=10.1007/s00424-008-0593-3 | pmc=2730119 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18839206  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21170894">{{cite journal| author=Giebisch GH, Wang WH| title=Potassium transport--an update. | journal=J Nephrol | year= 2010 | volume= 23 Suppl 16 | issue=  | pages= S97-104 | pmid=21170894 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21170894  }} </ref>
* [[Acute kidney failure]]
 
* [[Chronic kidney failure]]
===Common risk factors===
* [[Glomerulonephritis]]
* The most common risk factors for hyperkalmeia include<ref name="pmid3344745">{{cite journal| author=Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML| title=The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 220-4 | pmid=3344745 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3344745  }} </ref>:
* Obstructive uropathy
**[[Acute kidney failure]]
* Rejection of a [[kidney transplant]]
** [[Chronic kidney failure]]<ref name="pmid9612319">{{cite journal| author=Giebisch G| title=Renal potassium transport: mechanisms and regulation. | journal=Am J Physiol | year= 1998 | volume= 274 | issue= 5 Pt 2 | pages= F817-33 | pmid=9612319 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9612319  }} </ref>
* Addison's disease  
** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
Less common risk factors-
** [[Glomerulonephritis]]
Any time potassium is released from the cells, it may build up in the fluid outside the cells and in the bloodstream. Acidosis leads to the movement of potassium from inside the cells to the fluid outside the cells. Tissue injury can cause the cells to release potassium.
** [[Obstructive uropathy]]
** Rejection of a [[kidney transplant]]
** [[Addison's disease]]


* [[Burns]]
* [[Burns]]
* Disorders that cause blood cells to burst ([[hemolytic conditions]])
* Disorders that cause [[blood cells]] to burst ([[hemolytic]] conditions)
* Gastrointestinal [[bleeding]]
*[[Gastrointestinal]] [[bleeding]]
* [[Rhabdomyolysis]] from drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infections
* [[Rhabdomyolysis]] from drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infections
* Surgery
*[[Surgery]]
* Traumatic injury
*[[Traumatic injury|Traumatic]] injury
* Tumors
*[[Tumors]]
 
* [[Acidosis]]
If the kidney is working properly, and there is enough aldosterone, tissue trauma alone rarely leads to hyperkalemia. A normally functioning kidney will remove the excess potassium that has been released from the cells.
* Medications
 
**[[spironolactone]]
Increased intake of potassium can cause hyperkalemia if kidney function is poor. Salt substitutes often contain potassium, as do many "low-salt" packaged foods.
** [[amiloride]]
** [[triamterene]] 
**[[Potassium]] supplements (especially intravenous potassium).


Hyperkalemia may be caused by medications, including medications that affect kidney function (potassium sparing diuretics, such as [[spironolactone]], [[amiloride]], or [[triamterene]]) and potassium supplements (especially intravenous potassium).
=== Less common risk factors ===
* Fasting
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Fluoride]] [[toxicity]]
*[[Hypoparathyroidism]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:04, 29 April 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2],Jogeet Singh Sekhon

Overview

The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of hyperkalemia occur in disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium. This may result from disorders such as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure and glomerulonephritis.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Less common risk factors

References

  1. ↑ Wang WH, Giebisch G (2009). "Regulation of potassium (K) handling in the renal collecting duct". Pflugers Arch. 458 (1): 157–68. doi:10.1007/s00424-008-0593-3. PMC 2730119. PMID 18839206.
  2. ↑ Giebisch GH, Wang WH (2010). "Potassium transport--an update". J Nephrol. 23 Suppl 16: S97–104. PMID 21170894.
  3. ↑ Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML (1988). "The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation". Am J Kidney Dis. 11 (3): 220–4. PMID 3344745.
  4. ↑ Giebisch G (1998). "Renal potassium transport: mechanisms and regulation". Am J Physiol. 274 (5 Pt 2): F817–33. PMID 9612319.


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