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| __NOTOC__
| | {{Bone or cartilage mass}} |
| [[Image:Bonetumor.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An arm bone tumor]]
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| {{Search infobox}} | |
| {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MV}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MV}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass patient information|Patient Information]]== |
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| '''Tumors of the bone''' (also known as "'''Bone tumors'''") are generally defined as the [[neoplastic]] growth of tissue in [[bone]]. Abnormal growths found in the bone can be [[benign]] or [[malignant]]. Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors", which originate in bone or from bone-derived cells and tissues, and "secondary tumors" which originate in other sites and metastasize to the skeleton.<ref>Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis. Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis. Radiology assistant. http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref> Carcinomas of the prostate, breasts, lungs, thyroid, and kidneys are the carcinomas that most commonly metastasize to bone. Secondary malignant bone tumors are more common than primary bone cancers. The most common symptom of bone tumors is [[pain]], which will gradually increase over time. The [[pain]] increases with the growth of the tumor. Additional symptoms may include [[fatigue]], [[fever]], [[weight loss]], [[anemia]], and/or sudden bone fractures. In some cases, bone tumors may be asymptomatic. Bone tumors may weaken the structure of the bone, causing [[pathologic]] [[bone fracture|fractures]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/phase2/mbone.pdf |title=Questions and Answers about Bone Cancer |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>
| | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass classification|Classification]]== |
| According to World Health Organization, bone tumors can be divided into primary and secondary. Primitive bone tumors are classified using histo-genetic criteria and malignancy anatomic-clinical criteria. The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate bone tumors according to location, age histological features, imaging features, and tumor origin.<ref> Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref>
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| <ref>Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016 </ref>
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| ===Primary tumors=== | | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass causes|Causes]]== |
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| *Primary tumors of bone can be divided into [[benign]] and [[malignant]] tumors.
| | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass differential diagnosis|Differential Diagnosis]]== |
| *Common benign bone tumors, include:
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| :*[[Osteoma]]
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| :*[[Osteoid osteoma]]
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| :*[[Osteochondroma]]
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| :*[[Aneurysmal bone cyst]]
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| :*[[Fibrous dysplasia]].
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| *Common malignant bone tumors, include:
| | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| :*[[Osteosarcoma]]
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| :*[[Chondrosarcoma]]
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| :*[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
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| ===Secondary tumors=== | | ==[[Bone or cartilage mass screening|Screening]]== |
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| Secondary bone tumors include [[metastatic]] tumors which have spread from other organs (usually, adenocarcinomas). In general, metastatic tumors frequently involve the [[axial skeleton]] and the [[appendicular skeleton]].
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| *Common secondary bone tumors, include:
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| :*[[Breast cancer]]
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| :*[[Lung cancer]]
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| :*[[Prostate cancer]].
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| <br>For more details about each specific type of bone tumor, click on the links in blue in the table below.<br>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Type of tumor
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Age
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Location
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Histological features
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imaging features
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Origin
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| ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Bone/Cartilage
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| |-
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Osteoma]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 40-50 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Skull bones
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Matured lamellar bone
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Sclerotic
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Benign
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Bone
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| |-
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Osteoid osteoma]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 10-20 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Short and long bone diaphysis
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Osteiod outlined by osteoblasts, incorporated in a fibrous stroma
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Sclerotic
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Benign
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Bone
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| |-
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Osteosarcoma]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 11-40 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Long bones metaphysis
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Osteoid and bone formed of malignant osteoblasts and fibroblasts
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Sclerotic
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Malignant
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Bone
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| |-
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Chondroma]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 30-60 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Small tubular bones of the hands and feet
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Maturated hyaline cartilage (enchondroma/ecchondroma), preserving lobulation
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Well-defined
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Malignant
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Cartilage
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| |-
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Chondrosarcoma]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 30-60 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Long bones metaphysic, axial skeleton
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Immature cartilage, no preserving lobulation, cells arranged in groups of two or four, with atypia and mitosis
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Well-defined
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Malignant
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Cartilage
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Ewing sarcoma]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 5-25 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Long bones diaphysis
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Small, round, undifferentiated cells, no stroma, a lot of capillary arrangement.
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Ill-defined
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Malignant
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Bone
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Giant cell tumor
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 20-40 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Knee
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Multinucleated giant cells, fusiform cells, mononuclear cells.
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Well-defined
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Malignant
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Bone
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| | style="text-align: center;" | [[Metastases]]
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| | style="text-align: center;" | 50-90 years
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| | style="text-align: center;" | No site predilection
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Frequently adenocarcinomas. Metastases can be blastic or lytic depending on the tumor origin
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Sclerotic
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Malignant
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| | style="text-align: center;" | Bone
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| |}
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Bone or cartilage mass evaluation|Evaluation of Bone or Cartilage Mass]] | [[Bone or cartilage mass history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Bone or cartilage mass physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Bone or cartilage mass laboratory studies|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bone or cartilage mass imaging|Imaging]] | [[Bone or cartilage mass biopsy|Biopsy]] | [[Bone or cartilage mass other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| ===Symptoms=== | | ==External Links== |
| | *[http://uwmsk.org/bayes/bonetumor.html Bayesian Bone Tumor Diagnosis] |
| | *[http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html Bone tumor - Systematic Approach and Differential Diagnosis] |
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| *Bone tumors are generally asymptomatic.
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| *The majority of patients may develop non-specific symptoms, such as:
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| * Dull [[pain]]
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| :*Worse at nights
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| * Adjacent muscle soreness
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| Physical examination findings of bone tumors, may include:
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| *Painless mass
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| *Weight loss
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| *Limited range of motion
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| *Fever
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| *Tenderness
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| *Swelling
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| ==Treatment==
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| *The treatment of choice for bone tumors is dependent on the histological type of tumor.
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| *Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in certain bone tumors (such as [[Ewing's sarcoma]]).
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| *Treatment for some bone tumors may involve [[surgery]], such as:
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| :*Limb [[amputation]]
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| :*Limb-sparing surgery (often in combination with [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiation therapy]]).
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| :*Limb sparing or limb salvage surgery
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| :*Van-ness rotation or rotationplasty
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| ===Surgery===
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| *The mainstray of choice for the majority of bone tumors is surgery.
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| *Common surgical procedures may include:
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| :*Amputations (conservative or radical)
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| :*Radical amputation, is called ''hemicorporectomy'' (translumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females).
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| == Acknowledgements ==
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| The content on this page was first contributed by: {{CMG}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| [[ru:Опухоли костей]]
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| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
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