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[[Image:Apoptosis.png|thumb|right|200px|The process of apoptosis, with blebbing shown in the middle illustration]] | [[Image:Apoptosis.png|thumb|right|200px|The process of apoptosis, with blebbing shown in the middle illustration]] | ||
{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
{{CMG}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
In [[cell biology]], a '''bleb''' is an irregular bulge in the [[plasma membrane]] of a cell | In [[cell biology]], a '''bleb''' is an irregular bulge in the [[plasma membrane]] of a cell caused by localized decoupling of the [[cytoskeleton]] from the plasma membrane (recently reviewed in <ref>{{cite journal |author=Fackler OT, Grosse R |title=Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing |journal=J Cell Biol. |volume=181 |issue=6 |pages=879–84 |year=2008 |month=Jun |pmid=18541702 |doi=10.1083/jcb.200802081 }}</ref>). ''Blebbing'' is the term used to describe the formation of blebs. | ||
== Physiological Functions == | |||
During [[apoptosis]] (programmed cell death), the cell's cytoskeleton breaks up and causes the membrane to bulge outward (reviewed in <ref>{{cite journal |author=Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN |title=Apoptosis: mechanisms and relevance in cancer |journal=Ann Hematol. |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=627–39 |year=2005 |month=Oct |pmid=16041532 |doi=10.1007/s00277-005-1065-x }}</ref>). These bulges may separate from the cell, taking a portion of [[cytoplasm]] with them, to become known as ''apoptotic bodies''. [[Phagocytic cells]] eventually consume these fragments and the components are recycled (see figure). | |||
Blebbing also has important functions in other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and physical or chemical stresses. The types of blebs vary greatly, including variations in bleb growth rates, size, contents, and [[actin]] content. | |||
== Pharmacology == | |||
A chemical known as ''blebbistatin'' (Sigma Aldrich) was recently shown to inhibit the formation of blebs. This agent was discovered in a screen for small molecule inhibitors of [[MYH9|nonmuscle myosin IIA]] and was shown to lower the affinity of [[myosin]] with [[actin]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kovács M, Tóth J, Hetényi C, Málnási-Csizmadia A, Sellers JR |title=Mechanism of blebbistatin inhibition of myosin II |journal=J Biol Chem. |volume=279 |issue=34 |pages=35557–63 |year=2004 |month=Aug |pmid=15205456 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M405319200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/279/34/35557}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Limouze J, Straight AF, Mitchison T, Sellers JR |title=Specificity of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of myosin II |journal=J Muscle Res Cell Motil. |volume=25 |issue=4-5 |pages=337–41 |year=2004 |pmid=15548862 |doi=10.1007/s10974-004-6060-7 }}</ref>, thus altering the contractile forces that impinge on the cytoskeleton-membrane interface. | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
== Additional Resources == | |||
* [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/B0560 (−)-Blebbistatin - Sigma-Aldrich] | |||
*{{cite journal |author=Charras GT, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ, Mahadevan L |title=Life and times of a cellular bleb |journal=Biophys J. |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1836–53 |year=2008 |month=Mar |pmid=17921219 |doi=10.1529/biophysj.107.113605 }} | |||
*{{cite journal |author=Charras GT, Hu CK, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ |title=Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=175 |issue=3 |pages=477–90 |year=2006 |month=Nov |pmid=17088428 |pmc=2064524 |doi=10.1083/jcb.200602085 }} | |||
*{{cite journal |author=Dai J, Sheetz MP |title=Membrane tether formation from blebbing cells |journal=Biophys. J. |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=3363–70 |year=1999 |month=Dec |pmid=10585959 |pmc=1300608 |url=http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10585959}} | |||
* [http://focus.hms.harvard.edu/2003/March21_2003/cell_biology.html Drug Stops Motor Protein, Shines Light on Cell Division - FOCUS March 21, 2003]. Retrieved April 8, 2008. | |||
*{{cite journal |author=Hagmann J, Burger MM, Dagan D |title=Regulation of plasma membrane blebbing by the cytoskeleton |journal=J. Cell. Biochem. |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=488–99 |year=1999 |month=Jun |pmid=10733343 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19990615)73:4<488::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-P}} | |||
[[Category:Cell anatomy]] | [[Category:Cell anatomy]] | ||
[[Category:Programmed cell death]] | [[Category:Programmed cell death]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:00, 8 August 2012
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
In cell biology, a bleb is an irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane (recently reviewed in [1]). Blebbing is the term used to describe the formation of blebs.
Physiological Functions
During apoptosis (programmed cell death), the cell's cytoskeleton breaks up and causes the membrane to bulge outward (reviewed in [2]). These bulges may separate from the cell, taking a portion of cytoplasm with them, to become known as apoptotic bodies. Phagocytic cells eventually consume these fragments and the components are recycled (see figure).
Blebbing also has important functions in other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and physical or chemical stresses. The types of blebs vary greatly, including variations in bleb growth rates, size, contents, and actin content.
Pharmacology
A chemical known as blebbistatin (Sigma Aldrich) was recently shown to inhibit the formation of blebs. This agent was discovered in a screen for small molecule inhibitors of nonmuscle myosin IIA and was shown to lower the affinity of myosin with actin [3][4], thus altering the contractile forces that impinge on the cytoskeleton-membrane interface.
References
- ↑ Fackler OT, Grosse R (2008). "Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing". J Cell Biol. 181 (6): 879–84. doi:10.1083/jcb.200802081. PMID 18541702. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN (2005). "Apoptosis: mechanisms and relevance in cancer". Ann Hematol. 84 (10): 627–39. doi:10.1007/s00277-005-1065-x. PMID 16041532. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kovács M, Tóth J, Hetényi C, Málnási-Csizmadia A, Sellers JR (2004). "Mechanism of blebbistatin inhibition of myosin II". J Biol Chem. 279 (34): 35557–63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405319200. PMID 15205456. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Limouze J, Straight AF, Mitchison T, Sellers JR (2004). "Specificity of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of myosin II". J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 25 (4–5): 337–41. doi:10.1007/s10974-004-6060-7. PMID 15548862.
Additional Resources
- (−)-Blebbistatin - Sigma-Aldrich
- Charras GT, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ, Mahadevan L (2008). "Life and times of a cellular bleb". Biophys J. 94 (5): 1836–53. doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.113605. PMID 17921219. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - Charras GT, Hu CK, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ (2006). "Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs". J. Cell Biol. 175 (3): 477–90. doi:10.1083/jcb.200602085. PMC 2064524. PMID 17088428. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - Dai J, Sheetz MP (1999). "Membrane tether formation from blebbing cells". Biophys. J. 77 (6): 3363–70. PMC 1300608. PMID 10585959. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - Drug Stops Motor Protein, Shines Light on Cell Division - FOCUS March 21, 2003. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
- Hagmann J, Burger MM, Dagan D (1999). "Regulation of plasma membrane blebbing by the cytoskeleton". J. Cell. Biochem. 73 (4): 488–99. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19990615)73:4<488::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 10733343. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)